{"id":2663,"date":"2026-06-04T14:39:30","date_gmt":"2026-06-04T06:39:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/?p=2663"},"modified":"2026-10-12T13:47:38","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T05:47:38","slug":"exploring-flexible-circuits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/ja\/exploring-flexible-circuits\/","title":{"rendered":"Exploring Flexible Circuits"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2663\" class=\"elementor elementor-2663\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2197b92e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2197b92e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d9be44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63d9be44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23e7bd4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"23e7bd4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/\">HOME<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a9843c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"24a9843c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d8692ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d8692ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1558e31d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1558e31d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750f0992 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"750f0992\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Flexible Circuits: A Practical Guide to Flex PCB Types, Materials, and Design Rules<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f148d1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f148d1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1572d357 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1572d357\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-573558fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"573558fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-c9d822a elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJKRGLO R&amp;D Engineer\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-2bae3db elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>06\/04\/2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-5a82ee1 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f701608 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f701608\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6542af0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6542af0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fc5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2fc5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opening Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5218fa6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5218fa6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94c2ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d94c2ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7620a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd7620a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;\">A flexible circuit does one thing a rigid board cannot: it moves. It folds into a hinge, wraps around a battery, or survives a million open-and-close cycles inside a phone. Everything else &mdash; the base film, the copper, the bend radius numbers, the stiffeners &mdash; exists to keep that movement from destroying the copper.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;\">We build flex and rigid-flex boards in volume at JKRGLO, and this is the version of the story we would tell a customer on a call. What the four flex constructions actually are, which base film and which copper to specify, how the IPC-2223 bend radius rules are measured in practice, when rigid-flex beats a plain flex tail, and the design decisions that show up as field failures two years after the build shipped.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f7f2;border-left:4px solid #0e7c3f;padding:16px 18px;margin:0 0 22px;border-radius:4px;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;color:#0b5c2f;\">Quick answer<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;\">A <strong>flexible circuit<\/strong> (also called a flex circuit, flex PCB, or FPC) is a printed circuit board built on a thin bendable dielectric film, usually polyimide, instead of rigid FR-4, so it can bend, fold, or flex continuously without cracking its copper traces.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;\">Flexible circuits are made in <strong>four standard constructions<\/strong>: single-sided, double-sided, multilayer, and rigid-flex. The base film is polyimide (PI) for anything that sees heat or repeated bending, polyester (PET) for low-stress static parts, and liquid crystal polymer (LCP) for high-frequency work.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;\">The rule that decides whether a flex survives is <strong>bend radius<\/strong>, measured as a multiple of the flexible stack thickness: 6&times; for a single-layer static bend, 12&times; for double-sided, 24&times; for multilayer, and 100&times; or more when the board flexes for life.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;\">A <strong>rigid-flex PCB<\/strong> is the hybrid: rigid FR-4 sections carry the components, flexible polyimide sections bend between them, and both are laminated into one board so the cables and connectors disappear.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-612753f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"612753f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13b0342 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13b0342\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ee100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d6ee100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Is a Flexible Circuit?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cf864f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cf864f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fa4e9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fa4e9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b0307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b4b0307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><div style=\"background:#fffbe9;border-left:4px solid #d9a400;padding:14px 16px;margin:0 0 18px;border-radius:3px;\"><p style=\"margin:0;\"><strong>A flexible circuit &mdash; also called a flex circuit, flex PCB, or FPC (flexible printed circuit) &mdash; is a printed circuit board built on a thin, bendable dielectric film instead of rigid FR-4, allowing it to bend, fold, or flex repeatedly while still carrying electrical signals.<\/strong> The substrate is normally polyimide, which is why a flex board tolerates soldering temperatures and hundreds of thousands of flex cycles while a rigid FR-4 board tolerates neither.<\/p><\/div><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">The category has more names than it needs, and the naming is where most misunderstandings start. Four of those names describe the same device. One of them does not.<\/p><div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Term<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">What it actually means<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Where you see it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Flexible circuit \/ flex circuit<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">The umbrella term for any bendable circuit board, including rigid-flex.<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Design reviews, standards documents<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Flex PCB \/ flexible PCB<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">The same device, framed as a board rather than a circuit. No technical difference from the above.<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Component supplier pages, sourcing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">FPC (flexible printed circuit)<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">The term used across Asian manufacturing and in most datasheets.<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Bills of material, drawings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">FFC (flat flexible cable)<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">A flat ribbon of parallel conductors with no etched circuitry, no vias, and no components of its own. Straight routing only.<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Cable assemblies, connectors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Rigid-flex PCB<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">A single board that laminates rigid FR-4 sections and flexible polyimide sections together.<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Aerospace, medical, foldable devices<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><div style=\"background:#fffbe9;border-left:4px solid #d9a400;padding:14px 16px;margin:0 0 18px;border-radius:3px;\"><p style=\"margin:0;\"><strong>An FPC is a real circuit board with etched copper traces, vias, and solderable pads; an FFC is a flat ribbon of parallel conductors with no circuitry of its own.<\/strong> If a design only needs a straight connection between two fixed points, an FFC is cheaper. If the design needs routed traces, controlled impedance, or components mounted on the flex, it needs an FPC.<\/p><\/div><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">That distinction matters commercially. We regularly see an RFQ arrive asking for a &ldquo;flex circuit&rdquo; when what is needed is a 12-way flat cable, and the quote comes back three times too high because the wrong part was scoped.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Why flexible circuits exist at all<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Three problems push engineers off rigid boards and onto flex. Only the first one is obvious.<\/p><ul style=\"margin:0 0 16px;padding-left:22px;\"><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Space and weight.<\/strong> A finished flex stack runs roughly 0.05&nbsp;mm to 0.3&nbsp;mm thick, against 0.8&nbsp;mm to 3.2&nbsp;mm for a typical rigid board. In a smartwatch or a hearing aid that difference is the whole industrial design.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Reliability.<\/strong> Flex removes connectors and board-to-board cables, and connectors are the failure points in consumer electronics. Replacing three rigid boards, two cables, and four connectors with one flex assembly deletes hundreds of solder joints that used to be able to crack.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Movement.<\/strong> Only a flexible circuit can sit in a printer carriage, a laptop hinge, a camera gimbal, or a robotic arm joint and flex for the life of the product. Rigid boards do not bend; they crack.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">If you want the fabrication side first &mdash; how the copper gets onto the film and how the layers are laminated &mdash; that is covered step by step in <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/how-are-pcbs-made-step-by-step\/\" style=\"color:#0e7c3f;text-decoration:underline;\">how printed circuit boards are made<\/a>. The rest of this guide assumes you are choosing the construction, the materials, and the design rules.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-366e3b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"366e3b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99550e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99550e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8838a79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8838a79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Are Flexible Circuits Made Of?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eccd3b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eccd3b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cff0448 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cff0448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1481869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1481869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75; color: #23282d; font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\">\n\n<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>A flexible circuit is built from four functional layers: a flexible dielectric base film, a copper conductor layer, an adhesive or adhesiveless bond, and a protective coverlay. Stiffeners are added locally where the board must stay rigid.<\/strong> The \u201cflex\u201d in a flexible circuit does not come from the copper \u2014 it comes from the base film, and that is where most material mistakes are made.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Base film: polyimide, polyester, or LCP<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">The base film is the backbone. Choose it first, because the temperature rating and the bend life of the whole board follow from it.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Base film<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Service temperature<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Bend life<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Relative cost<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Use it when<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Polyimide (PI)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">\u2212269\u00a0\u00b0C to 260\u00a0\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Over 100,000 cycles<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">High<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Anything that sees reflow soldering, sustained heat, or repeated bending. The default for industrial, automotive and medical flex.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Polyester (PET)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">70\u00a0\u00b0C to 150\u00a0\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Around 10,000 cycles<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Low<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Static, low-stress, cost-driven parts: disposable sensors, single-use test strips, simple static connectors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Liquid crystal polymer (LCP)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Up to about 300\u00a0\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Over 200,000 cycles<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">8\u201310\u00d7 PI<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Millimetre-wave antennas, 5G front ends, and moisture-sensitive multilayer flex where stable dielectric properties matter.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Polyimide is the standard because it survives lead-free reflow, which peaks near 260\u00a0\u00b0C. Polyester does not, and that single fact ends most PET-versus-PI debates. We have watched a customer learn it the hard way: an industrial sensor build was switched from PI to PET to save material cost, and the boards cracked within three months inside a 120\u00a0\u00b0C enclosure. The replacement order and the scrapped assemblies came to roughly $40,000. PET was not a cheaper material. It was the wrong material.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>Polyimide (PI) is the correct base film for any flexible circuit that goes through reflow soldering, sees more than about 100\u00a0\u00b0C in service, or bends more than a few thousand times. Polyester (PET) is appropriate only for low-temperature, low-cycle, cost-driven parts.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Copper: rolled annealed versus electrodeposited<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">The conductor layer is where the damage shows up first. There are two copper foils in common use and they behave very differently under bending, even when the datasheet thickness is identical.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>Rolled annealed (RA) copper has an elongated grain structure that resists fatigue and is used in every dynamic flex zone; electrodeposited (ED) copper is columnar, cheaper, and acceptable only in static, flex-to-install boards.<\/strong> The two are not interchangeable in a moving part, and the copper type is more important than the copper thickness.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px;\">\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><strong>RA copper (rolled annealed):<\/strong> made by rolling copper ingots into foil. The elongated grains tolerate repeated strain, which is why it is mandatory in dynamic flex. Typical thickness for moving parts is 12\u201318\u00a0\u00b5m; heavier copper adds stiffness and shortens bend life.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><strong>ED copper (electrodeposited):<\/strong> deposited onto a drum by electrolysis. Cheaper, and its rougher surface bonds well, but the columnar grains crack after relatively few cycles. Fine for a static tail or a rigid board, wrong for a hinge.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><strong>Why thickness matters:<\/strong> copper is the stiffest layer in the stack and sits furthest from the neutral axis, so it carries most of the bending strain. Going from 35\u00a0\u00b5m to 12\u00a0\u00b5m roughly triples the achievable bend life at the same radius. If a flex is cracking, the first two questions are always <em>which copper<\/em> and <em>how thick<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">The bond: adhesive versus adhesiveless<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Standard flex laminate glues the copper to the polyimide with an acrylic or epoxy adhesive layer. Adhesiveless laminate deposits or casts the copper directly, removing that layer.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Property<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Adhesive laminate<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Adhesiveless laminate<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Cost<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Baseline<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Roughly 20\u201340% premium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Stack thickness<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Greater (adhesive adds 15\u201335\u00a0\u00b5m per side)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Thinner, so tighter bend radii are achievable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Dimensional stability<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Looser<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Better \u2014 matters for fine-pitch and multilayer registration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">High-frequency performance<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Moderate \u2014 adhesive dielectric varies<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Better, because there is no adhesive dielectric in the path<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">IPC Class 3 eligibility<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Class 1\u20132 only<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Required baseline for Class 3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">For Class 1 and Class 2 work, adhesive laminate is cost-appropriate and fully capable. For medical devices, aerospace, and defence \u2014 IPC Class 3 \u2014 adhesiveless is not an upgrade option. It is the floor.<\/p>\n\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Coverlay and stiffeners: the two layers people forget<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">A finished flexible circuit also carries a protective coverlay over the traces and, usually, one or more stiffeners. Both are structural, not cosmetic, and both get their own section below. The short version: coverlay replaces solder mask everywhere the board bends, and stiffeners restore local rigidity under connectors and components.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce95f5b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ce95f5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b52259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8b52259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-stackup-cross-section-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4201\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-stackup-cross-section-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-stackup-cross-section-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-stackup-cross-section-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-stackup-cross-section.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abaa9b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"abaa9b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00a32f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00a32f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08ff189 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08ff189\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Flex PCB Design Rules: Start With Bend Radius<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-270e69f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"270e69f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73f27cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"73f27cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c67e5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c67e5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75; color: #23282d; font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\"><p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>Bend radius is the radius of the inner curve a flexible circuit is bent around, expressed as a multiple of the flexible stack thickness. The stack thickness includes the polyimide base, every copper layer, any adhesive, and the coverlay. Designing below the minimum bend radius is the single largest cause of flex circuit failure.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Three practical rules come before any number. Measure the radius from the inner surface of the bend, not the outer surface and not the neutral axis. Include every layer in the thickness you multiply, coverlay included \u2014 leaving the coverlay out of the calculation is the most common arithmetic error we see on customer drawings. And after you land on a number, add 20\u201330% of margin before you release the layout, because material variation, copper grain orientation, and handling during assembly are not in the formula.<\/p><div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Application<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Flexible layers<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Minimum bend radius<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Static \/ flex-to-install (Use A)<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">1 layer<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">6\u00d7 total flex thickness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Static \/ flex-to-install (Use A)<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">2 layers<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">12\u00d7 total flex thickness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Static \/ flex-to-install (Use A)<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">3 or more layers<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">24\u00d7 total flex thickness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Dynamic \/ flex-for-life (Use B)<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">1 layer<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">100\u00d7 total flex thickness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Dynamic \/ flex-for-life (Use B)<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">2 layers<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">150\u00d7 total flex thickness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Dynamic \/ flex-for-life (Use B)<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">3 or more layers<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Not recommended without special engineering review<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f51059c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f51059c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e2d203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e2d203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-bend-radius-comparison-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4202\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-bend-radius-comparison-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-bend-radius-comparison-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-bend-radius-comparison-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-bend-radius-comparison.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1113514 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1113514\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25793e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"25793e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34b9224 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34b9224\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><div style=\"background: #fff2f0; border-left: 4px solid #c0392b; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 20px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>Why the dynamic multipliers are so much larger than the static ones.<\/strong> IPC-2223 allows copper to strain roughly 10% in a flex-to-install part but only about 0.3% under repeated cycling. That 30-fold gap in allowable deformation is the whole reason a single-layer static bend needs 6\u00d7 thickness while a single-layer dynamic bend needs 100\u00d7. If a fabricator quotes you a dynamic design at 20\u201350\u00d7, ask for the cycle-count target and the test method in writing, because those multipliers only hold for limited-cycle, low-strain applications.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">A worked example<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Take a two-layer flex for a static bend, typical industrial build: 25\u00a0\u00b5m polyimide base, 18\u00a0\u00b5m copper, 25\u00a0\u00b5m polyimide, 18\u00a0\u00b5m copper, plus 25\u00a0\u00b5m coverlay on each side. Total stack thickness comes to about 0.16\u00a0mm; round to 0.2\u00a0mm once adhesive is included. Static, two-layer \u2192 multiply by 12 \u2192 minimum inside radius 2.4\u00a0mm. Add 25% margin and you release the layout with a 3\u00a0mm radius. If someone later pushes that same board into a foldable hinge, the requirement jumps to roughly 30\u00a0mm and the design has to be rebuilt on RA copper with a single flex layer. The number changed by a factor of ten because the application changed, not the board.<\/p>\n\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Keeping the bend zone clean<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">A correct radius on a board that is otherwise badly laid out still fails. The bend region has to be an empty corridor:<\/p>\n\n<ul style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px;\">\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">No components inside the bend area, on either side. A component stiffens the flex locally and concentrates stress at its solder joints.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">No vias, plated through-holes, or test points in the bend zone. A barrel wall cracks under repeated bending with almost no warning. Keep vias at least 0.5\u00a0mm clear of an active bend.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">No solid copper plane and no heavy copper trace inside the bend. Hatched copper if a plane is unavoidable.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">Keep the bend at least 1.25\u00a0mm from a rigid-to-flex transition, and start the bend no closer than ten times the flex thickness from the transition edge, so the flex layers can elongate without buckling.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">Traces cross the bend line at 90\u00b0, never running along it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4df9d5f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4df9d5f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3494366 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3494366\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-997d4c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"997d4c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coverlay and Stiffeners: The Two Parts Beginners Skip<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d06114c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d06114c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d3a0ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d3a0ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd38e1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd38e1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Coverlay, not solder mask, in the bend zone<\/h3><div style=\"background:#fffbe9;border-left:4px solid #d9a400;padding:14px 16px;margin:0 0 18px;border-radius:3px;\"><p style=\"margin:0;\"><strong>A coverlay is a layer of polyimide film bonded with adhesive over the copper traces, used instead of liquid solder mask on flexible circuits because it bends without cracking. Liquid photoimageable solder mask is acceptable on the rigid sections of a rigid-flex board, but coverlay is mandatory in every flexing area.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Property<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Coverlay (flex zones)<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Liquid solder mask (rigid zones)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Material<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Polyimide film with acrylic or epoxy adhesive<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Photoimageable liquid resin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Behaviour under bending<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Flexes with the circuit; keeps integrity<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Cracks and flakes under repeated bending<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Typical thickness<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Polyimide 12.5&ndash;25&nbsp;&micro;m plus 15&ndash;35&nbsp;&micro;m adhesive<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">15&ndash;30&nbsp;&micro;m cured<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Aperture registration<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">&plusmn;0.075&ndash;0.15&nbsp;mm on cut or laser openings<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Tighter, which is why it is used for fine-pitch rigid work<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Where it belongs<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Every bend zone, and the whole flex by default<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Rigid sections only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Coverlay is not applied as a liquid, so its openings have to be pre-cut before lamination. That drives three design notes we repeat on almost every DFM report: pre-window the coverlay before lamination so the pad openings register correctly; keep at least a 0.2&nbsp;mm gap between a pad and an adjacent trace so the opening does not expose copper it should not; and for pad pitches below 0.5&nbsp;mm, use bridged apertures that leave a web of coverlay between openings instead of one large window.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Stiffeners: forget them and the connector breaks<\/h3><div style=\"background:#fffbe9;border-left:4px solid #d9a400;padding:14px 16px;margin:0 0 18px;border-radius:3px;\"><p style=\"margin:0;\"><strong>A stiffener is a rigid plate &mdash; polyimide, FR-4, or stainless steel &mdash; bonded to a flexible circuit wherever components or connectors mount, so the thin flex does not deform during soldering or mating. A stiffener adds local rigidity without making the whole circuit rigid.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Stiffener material<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Typical thickness<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Why choose it<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Typical use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Polyimide (PI)<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">0.075&ndash;0.25&nbsp;mm<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Matches the flex CTE, very thin, no added bulk<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">ZIF connector fingers, thin-profile products<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">FR-4<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">0.2&ndash;1.6&nbsp;mm<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Cheapest way to buy real rigidity<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">SMT component mounting areas, board-level connectors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Stainless steel<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">0.1&ndash;0.3&nbsp;mm<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Maximum rigidity plus EMI shielding<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">High-force connectors, space-constrained enclosures<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Pressure-sensitive adhesive<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">25&ndash;125&nbsp;&micro;m<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">The bonding layer, not the stiffener itself<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Attaching any of the above without heat<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">The stiffener edge is the detail that gets missed. If a stiffener ends right at the bend line, the stiffness change happens over zero distance and the copper cracks at the boundary. Keep at least a 0.5&ndash;1.5&nbsp;mm transition between the stiffener edge and the start of the bend, and let the coverlay overlap the stiffener edge by roughly 0.76&nbsp;mm to spread the stress. Stiffeners also need a keepout of their own: never place one where the assembly will be folded.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bd7ac5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0bd7ac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-808916d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"808916d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/zif-connector-stiffener-clearance-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4203\" alt=\"Polyimide stiffener bonded behind a ZIF connector finger area on a flexible circuit\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/zif-connector-stiffener-clearance-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/zif-connector-stiffener-clearance-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/zif-connector-stiffener-clearance-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/zif-connector-stiffener-clearance.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d028d08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d028d08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-879920c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"879920c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3e8a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3e8a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trace Routing and Connector Pads on a Flex<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1c9bdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c1c9bdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ac572a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ac572a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5b4641 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5b4641\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Route across the bend, not along it<\/h3>\n<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>Traces should run perpendicular to the bend line. A trace running parallel to the bend sits on the highest-stress axis and will crack before any other trace on the board.<\/strong> Constant width and gentle geometry matter more on a flex than on a rigid board, because every sharp feature becomes a crack initiation point.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px;\">\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">Use arcs or 45\u00b0 angles, never 90\u00b0 corners. A right angle inside a bend zone concentrates stress at a single point.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">Keep trace width constant through the bend. A sudden width change creates both a mechanical weak point and a signal reflection.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">On multilayer flex, stagger traces between layers instead of stacking them. Aligned conductors on opposite sides act like an I-beam and stiffen the fold.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">Maintain at least 0.15\u00a0mm spacing between traces to keep signal integrity and avoid shorts after etching tolerance.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">Use hatched copper rather than solid copper if a plane has to cross or approach a bend. Hatched copper also lets trapped air escape during lamination.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">Terminate traces into pads with teardrops. A teardrop spreads the stress where a trace meets a pad, which is the second-most-common cracking location after the bend itself.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6881e5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6881e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-549ecd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"549ecd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-trace-routing-bend-line-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4204\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-trace-routing-bend-line-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-trace-routing-bend-line-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-trace-routing-bend-line-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-trace-routing-bend-line.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10c204 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a10c204\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7efe1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7efe1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-077e041 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"077e041\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Stop copper delamination and oxidation<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Copper on a flex delaminates and oxidises in ways rigid boards rarely do, because the flex is thin, the adhesive is soft, and the board moves. Large solid copper areas trap air under the coverlay during lamination; under heat and pressure that trapped air drives oxidation and lifts the copper. The fixes are boring and effective: hatch the copper, add small solder-mask windows in non-flexing areas so trapped air can vent, and choose a surface finish that protects the exposed copper.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Surface finish<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Best for<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">ENIG (electroless nickel immersion gold)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">General flex, connector fingers, fine pitch<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Flat, long shelf life, stable contact resistance; the usual default for flex<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">OSP (organic solderability preservative)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Cost-sensitive boards assembled quickly<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Very flat and cheap, but short shelf life and not suitable for repeated handling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Immersion silver<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">High-frequency flex<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Good electrical performance, needs controlled storage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Hard gold<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">ZIF fingers and edge connectors<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Wear-resistant for repeated insertion, but not solderable, so it is applied selectively<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Connector pads<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Connector pads take the highest mechanical load on a flex assembly, because someone inserts and removes the cable by hand. Use solder-mask-defined pads so the coverlay overlaps the rim of the pad and adds mechanical support. Keep the coverlay overlap on connector pads at 0.3\u00a0mm or more. If the part has gold fingers, shortening them by around 0.2\u00a0mm from the drawing reduces micro-shorts from laser cutting. Offset pads on opposite sides of the flex when they can be, and put a stiffener behind any ZIF pad area so the mating face stays flat.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"background: #fff2f0; border-left: 4px solid #c0392b; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 20px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>One rule worth writing on the drawing:<\/strong> the coverlay must cover the outside of the bend and be continuous across the bend zone. A coverlay window that lands inside a moving region exposes bare copper and guarantees a field failure.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4562bfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4562bfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8d7280 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8d7280\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ceeaaa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ceeaaa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rigid-Flex PCBs: When a Flex Tail Is Not Enough<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c0e60f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c0e60f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39d1e6f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39d1e6f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ac6b2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ac6b2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75; color: #23282d; font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\">\n\n<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>A rigid-flex PCB is a single circuit board that laminates rigid FR-4 sections and flexible polyimide sections together, so components mount on the rigid areas and the flexible areas bend to replace cables and connectors.<\/strong> It is not a flex board with stiffeners glued on: the rigid and flex layers are laminated as one unit, and shared copper runs continuously from a rigid zone, through the flex, into the next rigid zone.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">That distinction caused a real support case for us. A customer asked for a quote on a \u201cflex board with two stiffeners\u201d and was surprised when the rigid-flex price came back higher than expected. Their actual requirement was a four-layer board with two component islands. Building it as flex-plus-stiffeners would have meant eight solder joints bridging four separate pieces; building it as rigid-flex meant one board with no connectors at all. The board price went up and the assembly cost went down by more than the difference.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Advantage<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">What it actually saves you<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Space and weight<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Eliminates board-to-board connectors, cables, and mounting hardware. A rigid-flex assembly is commonly 60\u201375% lighter than the equivalent rigid-plus-cable build.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Reliability<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Removes the connectors and cable solder joints that account for most field failures in portable electronics. Fewer joints, fewer failure modes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">3D routing<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">The board can fold or twist into the space the enclosure actually provides instead of forcing a flat PCB into a curved product.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Mechanical strength<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">The rigid sections carry heavy components and take the mounting loads; the flex sections absorb vibration and shock that would crack a rigid assembly&#8217;s interconnects.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Static and dynamic rigid-flex<\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Rigid-flex splits the same way plain flex does, and the split is decided early because it drives the whole stack-up:<\/p>\n\n<ul style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px;\">\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><strong>Static (flex-to-install):<\/strong> the flex sections bend only while the board is being fitted into the housing, then stay fixed. Common in medical carts, instrument panels, and cameras where a rigid board has to reach a display that sits at an angle. ED copper is acceptable, and the design is faster and cheaper.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><strong>Dynamic (flex-for-life):<\/strong> the flex sections cycle during normal use \u2014 a foldable phone hinge, a robotic arm, an automotive sensor on a moving suspension. This demands RA copper, a generous bend radius, a symmetric stack-up, and a fabricator who has actually built dynamic rigid-flex before.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>Typical rigid-flex constructions use four, six, or eight total layers, with the flexible polyimide layers placed near the centre of the stack-up and the rigid FR-4 sections carrying the components.<\/strong> The flexible layers are usually sequenced without flow prepreg at the boundaries, so the flex section is not flooded with resin during lamination.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">If your application is a hinge that cycles daily, the flex is the bottleneck rather than the rigid sections, and the design conversation moves to <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/humanoid-robot-2026\/\">flex PCB bottlenecks in humanoid robots<\/a> and to <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/high-density-interconnect-hdi-for-robotics\/\">HDI boards for robotics<\/a> where trace density and layer count are pushed harder.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fba8690 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fba8690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0414e14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0414e14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1dc2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8b1dc2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designing and Building Rigid-Flex Boards<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ae93e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74ae93e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8b30c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8b30c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Design considerations<\/h3><ul style=\"margin:0 0 16px;padding-left:22px;\"><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Materials.<\/strong> FR-4 for the rigid sections (durable, cost-effective, familiar to every fabricator) and polyimide for the flexible sections (bendable, heat-resistant). Both must tolerate the operating temperature and the environment, and the pair has to be CTE-compatible so the lamination does not shear as it cools.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Stack-up balance.<\/strong> Place the flex layers near the centre of the build, keep the layer count even, and mirror the structure either side of the neutral axis. An unbalanced rigid-flex stack warps during lamination and cannot be pressed flat afterwards.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Bend and flexing.<\/strong> Give every flex section an appropriate radius, and add rounded corners and teardrops at the rigid-to-flex transition. Sharp inside corners at a transition are where rigid-flex boards break.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Component placement.<\/strong> Components go on the rigid sections only. A component anywhere near a flex zone adds stiffness and puts its solder joints under cyclic stress.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Trace routing.<\/strong> Cross the bend line perpendicular, keep traces wide enough to survive cycling, and stagger them between layers.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Impedance control.<\/strong> For high-speed nets, hold trace width, spacing, and dielectric thickness consistent across the rigid and flex sections, and define which reference plane supports the signal in each segment. A reference-plane change at a transition is a common source of reflected energy and EMI.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>DFM early.<\/strong> Send the stack-up, not just the Gerbers, to the fabricator before the layout is frozen. Rigid-flex tooling and lamination sequences are not something to discover on the day of the build.<\/li><\/ul><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Manufacturing sequence<\/h3><ol style=\"margin:0 0 16px;padding-left:22px;\"><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Material preparation.<\/strong> Select and cut the FR-4 and polyimide panels, and inspect and clean the polyimide film.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Imaging and etching.<\/strong> Pattern the copper on the flex layers lithographically and etch away the unwanted copper.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Lamination.<\/strong> Bond the rigid and flexible layers under heat and pressure, using no-flow prepreg at the flex boundary so resin does not bleed into the bending area.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Drilling and plating.<\/strong> Drill the vias and plate them with copper to connect the layers electrically.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Coverlay and solder mask.<\/strong> Laminate polyimide coverlay over the flex sections, apply solder mask and silkscreen to the rigid sections.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Surface finish, cutting, and form.<\/strong> Finish the exposed pads, then laser-cut or rout the outline and free the flex openings.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Test and inspect.<\/strong> Run electrical continuity and isolation test on every board, plus AOI and dimensional checks on the flex openings and stiffener placement.<\/li><\/ol><div style=\"background:#fffbe9;border-left:4px solid #d9a400;padding:14px 16px;margin:0 0 18px;border-radius:3px;\"><p style=\"margin:0;\"><strong>The rigid-to-flex transition is where most rigid-flex failures begin. Keep plated holes at least 1.25&nbsp;mm from the transition for Class 2 designs and 1.5&nbsp;mm for Class 3, and start the bend no closer than ten times the flex thickness from the transition edge.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2321982 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2321982\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae56b76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ae56b76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/rigid-flex-pcb-rigid-sections-bent-flex-tail-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4205\" alt=\"Rigid-flex PCB with two rigid sections joined by a bent polyimide flex tail\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/rigid-flex-pcb-rigid-sections-bent-flex-tail-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/rigid-flex-pcb-rigid-sections-bent-flex-tail-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/rigid-flex-pcb-rigid-sections-bent-flex-tail-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/rigid-flex-pcb-rigid-sections-bent-flex-tail.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2c2e6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2c2e6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85a09d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"85a09d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20ba196 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"20ba196\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Where Flexible Circuits Are Used<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6cea5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee6cea5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-127cd38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"127cd38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">The four industries below consume the large majority of flex production, and each one stresses the board differently. Read the column on the right as the reason the flex cannot be replaced by a rigid board plus a cable.<\/p><div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Industry<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Typical flex application<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Why flex wins<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Wearable &amp; medical<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Smartwatch bands, heart-rate and antenna flex, continuous glucose monitor patches, portable ECG, endoscope and ultrasound probes<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">The circuit has to fit a curved, skin-contact form factor and survive daily movement without a bulge or a pressure point.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Automotive &amp; EV<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Infotainment and curved dash displays, dynamic LED tail and contour lighting, battery management system harness, ADAS radar interconnect, seat pressure sensing<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Replaces bulky discrete wiring, follows the shape of a lamp or a cockpit, and holds up under under-hood temperature swings and vibration.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Aerospace &amp; satellites<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">CubeSat power and signal stacks, avionics interconnect inside narrow equipment slots<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Every gram saved is launch cost, and the circuit must survive extreme thermal cycling and in-flight vibration.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Foldable &amp; compact consumer<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Foldable phone hinge flex, portable console button and screen flex, TWS earbud internals<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">The board flexes hundreds of thousands of times over the product life, which only a fatigue-designed flex can do.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8afeb2d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8afeb2d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21c7e88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"21c7e88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-applications-four-industries-collage-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4209\" alt=\"Collage of flexible circuit applications in wearables, automotive lighting, aerospace and foldable phones\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-applications-four-industries-collage-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-applications-four-industries-collage-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-applications-four-industries-collage-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/flex-circuit-applications-four-industries-collage.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99b6fd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99b6fd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41cf147 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41cf147\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">The pattern across all four is the same: the product shape decides the layout, not the other way round. Where a rigid design would force a flat rectangle into a curved product and bridge the gaps with cables, the flexible circuit becomes part of the structure and removes the cables entirely. Rigid-flex takes that one step further by keeping the component islands rigid and turning the connection between them into part of the board.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f59288f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f59288f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c278c41 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c278c41\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54acafe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54acafe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Flex, Rigid, or Rigid-Flex: How to Choose<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a2702 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48a2702\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ea89d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ea89d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><div style=\"background:#fffbe9;border-left:4px solid #d9a400;padding:14px 16px;margin:0 0 18px;border-radius:3px;\"><p style=\"margin:0;\"><strong>Choose a rigid PCB when the board never moves and component density matters most; choose a flex PCB when the board must bend, fold, or fit a curved space; choose rigid-flex when you need both and want to delete the connectors and cables between them.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><div style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Factor<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Rigid PCB<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Flex PCB<\/th><th style=\"background:#eef4f0;border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#0d3b22;vertical-align:top;\">Rigid-flex PCB<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Substrate<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">FR-4 fibreglass<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Polyimide or polyester film<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">FR-4 rigid sections plus polyimide flex sections<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Flexibility<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">None<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">High<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Selective, by zone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Component support<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Full<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Needs stiffeners<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Full on the rigid zones<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Connectors and cables needed<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Yes, between boards<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Yes, to reach rigid boards<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">No &mdash; the flex replaces them<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Relative board price<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Lowest<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Higher<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Highest<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Best fit<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Component-dense, static products<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Cable replacement, curved spaces, dynamic flexing<\/td><td style=\"border:1px solid #d5e2d9;padding:10px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;vertical-align:top;\">Multi-board integration, 3D packaging, high-reliability products<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b102c65 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b102c65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0073373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0073373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-construction-comparison-rigid-flexible-rigidflex-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4211\" alt=\"Cross-section comparison of rigid, flexible and rigid-flex PCB constructions\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-construction-comparison-rigid-flexible-rigidflex-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-construction-comparison-rigid-flexible-rigidflex-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-construction-comparison-rigid-flexible-rigidflex-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-construction-comparison-rigid-flexible-rigidflex.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90c0198 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"90c0198\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00ef87c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"00ef87c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">The comparison that actually decides a project is not the board price, it is the total system cost. A rigid-flex board that replaces three rigid boards, two flex cables, and four connectors also removes the connector cost, the cable cost, the assembly labour, and a set of solder joints that used to be able to fail. Below about a few thousand units the connector-based design usually wins on price; at production volume the rigid-flex build frequently wins on total cost, and almost always wins on field reliability.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Three questions that settle it in practice<\/h3><ul style=\"margin:0 0 16px;padding-left:22px;\"><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Does the board move after installation?<\/strong> No &rarr; rigid. Once, to fit &rarr; static flex or static rigid-flex. Repeatedly &rarr; dynamic flex with RA copper, and a bend radius an order of magnitude larger.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>How much routing sits in the bend?<\/strong> One or two signals can travel on a single flex layer. Twelve layers of dense routing cannot bend, and should stay on a rigid section, with the flex reserved for the interconnect.<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>How many separate boards are there?<\/strong> One &rarr; the choice is rigid versus flex. More than one, joined by cables &rarr; price the rigid-flex version before assuming it is too expensive.<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">If you are also choosing a manufacturing partner, the same discipline applies: the fabricator needs to review the stack-up, not just the outline. <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/how-to-choose-a-pcba-manufacturer\/\" style=\"color:#0e7c3f;text-decoration:underline;\">how to choose a PCBA manufacturer<\/a> covers what to ask, and <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/pcb-board-parts\/\" style=\"color:#0e7c3f;text-decoration:underline;\">circuit board components<\/a> covers the components that will end up mounted on the rigid sections.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357c2f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"357c2f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0082881 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0082881\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f7b62f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f7b62f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39423b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39423b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6b5d78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6b5d78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">1. What is a flexible circuit?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">A flexible circuit is a printed circuit board built on a thin bendable dielectric film, usually polyimide, instead of rigid FR-4. It carries etched copper traces, can include multiple layers, and bends, folds, or flexes without cracking its conductors. It is also called a flex circuit, flex PCB, or FPC.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">2. How many types of flexible circuits are there?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">There are four standard types: single-sided, double-sided, multilayer, and rigid-flex, which correspond to IPC-2223 types 1 through 4. Each type is also classified as static (flex-to-install) or dynamic (flex-for-life), and that second classification changes the materials and the bend radius more than the layer count does.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">3. What are flexible circuits made of?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">A flexible circuit is made of four functional layers: a flexible dielectric base film such as polyimide, a copper conductor layer, an adhesive or adhesiveless bond between them, and a polyimide coverlay that protects the traces. Stiffeners made of polyimide, FR-4, or stainless steel are added locally where components or connectors mount.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">4. What is the minimum bend radius for a flex PCB?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Per IPC-2223, the minimum static bend radius is 6 times the total flex thickness for a single layer, 12 times for double-sided, and 24 times for multilayer flex. For dynamic flexing the multiplier rises to 100 times for a single layer and 150 times for double-sided, because allowable copper strain drops from roughly 10% to 0.3% under repeated cycling. Measure from the inner surface and add 20&ndash;30% margin.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">5. What is the difference between a flex circuit and an FFC?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">A flex circuit (FPC) is a real circuit board with etched copper traces, vias, and solderable pads, and it can carry mounted components. An FFC is a flat flexible cable made of parallel conductors with no etched circuitry or components, used only for straight connections. An FFC is cheaper when a straight connection is all you need.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">6. What is the difference between a flex PCB and a rigid-flex PCB?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">A flex PCB is flexible over its whole area and is built entirely on polyimide film. A rigid-flex PCB combines rigid FR-4 sections with flexible polyimide sections in one laminated board, so components mount on the rigid areas and only the flex areas bend. Rigid-flex costs more per board but can remove connectors and cables entirely.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">7. Can you mount components on a flexible circuit?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Yes, but never inside a bend zone. Components go on stiffened, flat areas of the flex, or on the rigid sections of a rigid-flex board. Mounting a component where the board bends stiffens the flex locally and concentrates stress at its solder joints, which is a predictable failure.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">8. Why do flexible circuits use coverlay instead of solder mask?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Because liquid solder mask cracks under repeated bending while polyimide coverlay flexes with the circuit. Coverlay also provides better insulation, abrasion resistance, and mechanical support in a moving part. On a rigid-flex board, solder mask is used on the rigid sections and coverlay is mandatory on the flex sections.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">9. What copper is used in flexible circuits?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Rolled annealed (RA) copper is used in every dynamic flex zone because its elongated grain structure resists fatigue, and it is typically specified at 12&ndash;18&nbsp;&micro;m for moving parts. Electrodeposited (ED) copper is cheaper and acceptable for static, flex-to-install boards, but it cracks after relatively few flex cycles.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">10. How long do flexible circuits last?<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Service life is a function of the copper type, the bend radius, and the number of cycles, not of the flex itself. A well-designed static flex lasts the life of the product, and a dynamic flex can be qualified for hundreds of thousands to tens of millions of cycles when it uses RA copper and respects the IPC-2223 dynamic bend radius. A flex that ignores those rules can fail within weeks.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b11ac2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b11ac2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6320658 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6320658\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d3c0e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8d3c0e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Get Your Flex Stack-Up Reviewed Before You Build<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8775a58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8775a58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e872c67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e872c67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"font-size:14px;line-height:1.75;color:#23282d;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">The expensive flex problems are all decided on paper: the wrong base film, ED copper in a moving part, a bend radius that ignores the coverlay, a stiffener that ends at the bend line. All four are cheap to fix before the layout is released and expensive to fix after a production run has shipped.<\/p><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">JKRGLO has been building PCB and PCBA under one roof since 2012, including 1&ndash;4 layer flexible boards on polyimide with in-house SMT assembly. Send us the stack-up, the Gerbers, and the bend requirement, and our engineering team will run a DFM review alongside your quote. If a design is about to fail, we would rather tell you at quotation stage.<\/p><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/contact-us\/\" style=\"color:#0e7c3f;text-decoration:underline;\">send us your stack-up and Gerbers for review<\/a> &nbsp;&middot;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/pcb-fabrication\/#FlexiblePCB\" style=\"color:#0e7c3f;text-decoration:underline;\">flex and rigid-flex fabrication services<\/a> &nbsp;&middot;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/certifications\/\" style=\"color:#0e7c3f;text-decoration:underline;\">capabilities and certifications<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\"><span style=\"color:#5b6670;font-size:13px;\">JKRGLO is a one-stop PCB and PCBA manufacturer operating since 2012, combining flex and rigid-flex fabrication, component sourcing, and assembly under one roof.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a6d31c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a6d31c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5df0ea1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5df0ea1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dd8942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7dd8942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About US<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5dd9e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b5dd9e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d2aab8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d2aab8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a5de8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a5de8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\">Founded in 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/about-us\/\"><strong>JKRGLO<\/strong><\/a> strives to build a one-stop platform for the electronic industry chain. By integrating PCB manufacturing, component procurement and PCB assembly services, we enable digital PCBA processing. With increasing investment in innovation and digital systems, we have achieved rapid growth and emerged as a leading PCB and PCBA manufacturer in the industry, capable of rapidly producing high-reliability and cost-effective products.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/about-us\/\"><strong>About US<\/strong><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9cc946 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e9cc946\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c01a627 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c01a627\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae33015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae33015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\">\n<h3><strong>You may also be interested in&#8230;<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27c1454 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27c1454\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d240a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d240a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be41fbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be41fbc\" 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data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4109c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f4109c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/what-is-a-flex-pcb-board\/\">&gt;What-is-a-flex-pcb-board<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7a0a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cc7a0a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2774884 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2774884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/what-is-the-difference-between-flex-and-non-flex-pcb\/\">&gt;Hat-is-the-difference-between-flex-and-non-flex-pcb<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e08783 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6e08783\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ffcd43 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ffcd43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-336ed58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"336ed58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u672a\u6807\u9898-9.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3757\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u672a\u6807\u9898-9.jpg 400w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u672a\u6807\u9898-9-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u672a\u6807\u9898-9-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52f42b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52f42b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c587cd3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c587cd3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e633cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e633cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About the Author<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f78f6de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f78f6de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a65306 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a65306\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew Zhan &#8211;\u00a0 R&amp;D Engineer at JKRGLO.com<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b794c00 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b794c00\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa604a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa604a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With over 14 years of R&amp;D engineering experience in the PCB industry, Andrew Zhan brings deep expertise in circuit design optimization and DFM implementation. He focuses on translating complex design requirements into production-ready solutions, driving technical innovation for both prototype and mass production.<br \/>Working closely with cross-functional teams and clients, he ensures rigorous quality validation and seamless technical communication across the full project lifecycle. Andrew is committed to delivering reliable, high-performance PCB solutions that consistently exceed customer expectations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e9ae48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47e9ae48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:93,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40c24d4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"40c24d4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23b92067 elementor-toc--content-ellipsis elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"23b92067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;\\u5728\\u6b64\\u9875\\u9762\\u4e0a\\u627e\\u4e0d\\u5230\\u6807\\u9898\\u3002&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;collapse_subitems&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:205,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__23b92067\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__23b92067\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__23b92067\" class=\"elementor-toc__body elementor-toc__list-items--collapsible\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c28ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0c28ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88aafb2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"88aafb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f209bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f209bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Still, need help? Contact Us:\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d1b8b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d1b8b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"mailto:wm-sale03@jkr.net.cn\">wm-sale03@jkr.net.cn<\/a><br \/><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6bffdf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d6bffdf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4010b50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4010b50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Need a PCB or PCBA quote?\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70dc17d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70dc17d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/contact-us\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Quote now<\/span><br \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96bd6cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"96bd6cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8c7392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8c7392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e8aac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"92e8aac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69daa1a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69daa1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Tag:<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cce4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cce4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ff7a9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ff7a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"_inAfterOutline_false_w9nx7-ko_ ___SBox_w9nx7-ko_ ___SText_1xzws-ko_\" data-ui-name=\"Link.Text\">best pcb manufacturers<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7419e31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7419e31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f3ab86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f3ab86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">PCBA<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c45ed7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c45ed7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdc7ee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bdc7ee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"_inAfterOutline_false_w9nx7-ko_ ___SBox_w9nx7-ko_ ___SText_1xzws-ko_\" data-ui-name=\"Link.Text\">PCB<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06026eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"06026eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-387acf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"387acf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">flex PCB<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d8d6f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d8d6f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5c9347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5c9347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">flexible PCB<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Flexible Circuits: A Practical Guide to Flex PCB Types, Materials, and Design Rules Facebook X-twitter Youtube Opening Introduction A flexible [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1341,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2663","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pcbpcba"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Flexible Circuits: Flex PCB Types, Materials &amp; Design Rules<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Flexible circuits explained: the four flex PCB types, polyimide vs PET, rolled copper, IPC-2223 bend radius rules, coverlay, stiffeners and rigid-flex.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/ja\/exploring-flexible-circuits\/\" \/>\n<meta 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