{"id":2638,"date":"2026-06-03T14:09:31","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T06:09:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/?p=2638"},"modified":"2026-06-15T14:53:05","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T06:53:05","slug":"copper-oxidation-in-pcbs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/ja\/copper-oxidation-in-pcbs\/","title":{"rendered":"Copper Oxidation in PCBs"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2638\" class=\"elementor elementor-2638\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2197b92e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2197b92e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d9be44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63d9be44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23e7bd4e 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elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"750f0992\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Copper Oxidation in PCBs: Causes, Reliability Risks, and Proven Prevention Techniques<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f148d1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f148d1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1572d357 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1572d357\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-573558fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"573558fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-c9d822a elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJKRGLO R&amp;D Engineer\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-2bae3db elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>06\/03\/2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-5a82ee1 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-clock\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" 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data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-EIwcfubAzdhI0GcLnddc78Rcn7d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-P9JCfUTPbdoQOAcPA0bcmeV9nOC\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WxPsfZuFUdgHSmcexwrcEyRln0z\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-I5YDfJbCfdC3EQcAc3ec8aEQnQg\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Copper is the foundational conductive material of all printed circuit boards, serving as the core medium for signal transmission and power conduction.<\/strong><\/span> Featuring ultra-low electrical resistance, excellent thermal conductivity, and superior ductility for thin lamination, copper foils and traces support the normal operation of all types of <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/pcb-fabrication\/\"><strong>PCBs<\/strong><\/a>, from low-speed analog circuits to high-frequency RF and high-power industrial boards.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5218fa6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5218fa6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94c2ca e-con-full e-flex e-con 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data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Z53vfHMOpdfiHlcvH4dcsFehnpf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FUWDfndG2d0EoCck2f5c1QFGnlf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CfzhfPqKqdXTfScErXYczoZ3nFf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-MrUZfh8cMdm4dKcYveBcnRxSnBb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Jh2HfqkOTdCoE2cn65acEGxLnGd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G8mifJRh6dJvwrcVRfacVXQAnPd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G8mifJRh6dJvwrcVRfacVXQAnPd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G4JgfcEBPdn0QVcvNvrcoCxxnTf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GnJGfx1mZdFOxRcCfY7c7c4Dncd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-EIwcfubAzdhI0GcLnddc78Rcn7d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZodzfvuErdscEAcBNMGczfOcntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GGWMfrNtSdmpCfc3BpucwRb0nN1\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-I5YDfJbCfdC3EQcAc3ec8aEQnQg\">However, bare copper is chemically active and prone to reacting with oxygen and moisture in the ambient environment, forming oxide layers that destroy surface integrity. Copper oxidation has long been a universal and troublesome issue in PCB design and manufacturing, directly undermining solderability, electrical stability, and long-term product reliability<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b45905a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b45905a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6db6d5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6db6d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbb09f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fbb09f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-L3svfiuD9d2RCGcx9CNcDDTHnWg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-VkUyfycdcdE9Kxcu9CPckECQnwx\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-DzIBfIYNBdV2Xbcm5n9chhTQn0f\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Be7SfKy2BdKiQCc05SccCZbpnpd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-XwolfN9BwdQkVac1PGyc0AGInug\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Z53vfHMOpdfiHlcvH4dcsFehnpf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FUWDfndG2d0EoCck2f5c1QFGnlf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CfzhfPqKqdXTfScErXYczoZ3nFf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-MrUZfh8cMdm4dKcYveBcnRxSnBb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Jh2HfqkOTdCoE2cn65acEGxLnGd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G8mifJRh6dJvwrcVRfacVXQAnPd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G8mifJRh6dJvwrcVRfacVXQAnPd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G4JgfcEBPdn0QVcvNvrcoCxxnTf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GnJGfx1mZdFOxRcCfY7c7c4Dncd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-EIwcfubAzdhI0GcLnddc78Rcn7d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZodzfvuErdscEAcBNMGczfOcntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GGWMfrNtSdmpCfc3BpucwRb0nN1\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-I5YDfJbCfdC3EQcAc3ec8aEQnQg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-I5YDfJbCfdC3EQcAc3ec8aEQnQg\">For hardware designers and manufacturing engineers, mastering oxidation formation mechanisms and standardized prevention methods is essential to improve assembly yield and field durability. This article systematically elaborates on PCB copper oxidation principles, failure risks, and full-cycle prevention solutions compliant with mainstream IPC industry standards.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-612753f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"612753f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13b0342 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13b0342\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ee100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d6ee100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Is PCB Copper Oxidation?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cf864f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cf864f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fa4e9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fa4e9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b0307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b4b0307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-S8XcfB9eldMJLAcE9XUccb80nhg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DLuafSf2vdycBKcAUF4cNp54nhd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UkFHfI1kqd9aiYcVQSScSoNGn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9q7fl7rgd3c3IcJw7VcstYanqg\">PCB copper oxidation refers to a spontaneous chemical reaction between exposed bare copper surfaces and atmospheric oxygen, with humidity and high temperature acting as core accelerating factors. This chemical reaction generates two primary oxide substances with distinct visual and structural characteristics:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0e901e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e0e901e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bb5004 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2bb5004\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"633\" height=\"268\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Copper-Oxidation.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2650\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Copper-Oxidation.png 633w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Copper-Oxidation-300x127.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8488732 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8488732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61634d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61634d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a2f56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11a2f56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-S8XcfB9eldMJLAcE9XUccb80nhg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DLuafSf2vdycBKcAUF4cNp54nhd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UkFHfI1kqd9aiYcVQSScSoNGn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9q7fl7rgd3c3IcJw7VcstYanqg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-N6bKfSdgZdzIVpcJTTgcNSb9nlf\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copper(I)_oxide\"><strong>Cuprous oxide (Cu\u2082O)<\/strong><\/a>: A thin, stable reddish or pinkish oxide layer formed in the initial stage of oxidation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3fd4e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d3fd4e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50779a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"50779a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-441ea16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"441ea16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-S8XcfB9eldMJLAcE9XUccb80nhg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DLuafSf2vdycBKcAUF4cNp54nhd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UkFHfI1kqd9aiYcVQSScSoNGn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9q7fl7rgd3c3IcJw7VcstYanqg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-N6bKfSdgZdzIVpcJTTgcNSb9nlf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OUlifvUeldsuJec09CvcebTznge\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copper(II)_oxide\"><strong>Cupric oxide (CuO)<\/strong><\/a>: A dense, dark brown to black oxide layer that gradually accumulates with prolonged environmental exposure and oxidation progression.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-643dd71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"643dd71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37d63c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37d63c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62717d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62717d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-S8XcfB9eldMJLAcE9XUccb80nhg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DLuafSf2vdycBKcAUF4cNp54nhd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UkFHfI1kqd9aiYcVQSScSoNGn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9q7fl7rgd3c3IcJw7VcstYanqg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-N6bKfSdgZdzIVpcJTTgcNSb9nlf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OUlifvUeldsuJec09CvcebTznge\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UMwMfvhYsdvp4mcoanwclQWdnsf\">In harsh working or storage environments with pollutants such as carbon dioxide and chloride ions, copper will further corrode to produce secondary derivatives including basic copper carbonate and copper chloride. Visible oxidation features on PCBs include faded and dull copper traces, discolored pads, and irregular dark spots on exposed copper areas. While the ultra-thin native oxide layer formed instantly after copper exposure has minimal impact on performance, continuous thickening of the oxide layer will trigger a series of reliability hazards for PCBs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-366e3b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"366e3b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99550e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99550e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8838a79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8838a79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How Copper Oxidation Compromises PCB Performance<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eccd3b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eccd3b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cff0448 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cff0448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1481869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1481869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-S8XcfB9eldMJLAcE9XUccb80nhg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DLuafSf2vdycBKcAUF4cNp54nhd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UkFHfI1kqd9aiYcVQSScSoNGn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Eaa3fWsFpdtFdvccHFNcPBfmnbg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JGvbfsm4cdLAkPcCduVcSphgnS2\">Copper oxide layers are electrically insulating and chemically inert, which will cause multi-dimensional performance degradation and failure risks for PCBs throughout manufacturing and service life:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8e2916 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8e2916\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1750fd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1750fd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8491a17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8491a17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Degraded Solderability and Defective Solder Joints<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-270e69f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"270e69f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73f27cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"73f27cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c67e5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c67e5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HVQRfpJcbd7x5bc8rXtcM0zJn9g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-B5Q2fWhajdYuRhclMA4cSEfDnRe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EBBSfHOrydI5GacHK1ecRgvJnMd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CX1Af7mdkdX2wPcrDVYcn5nDnuc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IgulfCitJdanErcOtN5cjBgHnng\">The insulating oxide film forms a barrier between copper pads and molten solder during reflow soldering, preventing effective solder wetting and metallurgical bonding. This inevitably leads to common defects such as cold solder joints, hollow joints, and cracked solder connections. In mass production scenarios, even slight and widespread copper oxidation will cause a sharp drop in assembly yield, bringing additional rework costs and production losses for manufacturers.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7340e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a7340e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45dcabd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45dcabd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ddbe7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ddbe7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Increased Contact Resistance and Severe Signal Loss<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d06114c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d06114c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d3a0ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d3a0ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd38e1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd38e1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HVQRfpJcbd7x5bc8rXtcM0zJn9g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-B5Q2fWhajdYuRhclMA4cSEfDnRe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EBBSfHOrydI5GacHK1ecRgvJnMd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W9EAfl0bEdyTmQcJWIdc62zDn5z\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-EAIffzChvdufjMcJfpbcaKRLnwh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QAd2fmGjfd66HNcx44OcHLJ0n2d\">Oxidation accumulation on test points, connector fingers, and exposed bonding pads significantly increases contact resistance. For power supply circuits, this issue causes abnormal voltage drops on power planes and pads; for high-speed and RF circuits, it induces serious high-frequency insertion loss. Local corrosion caused by oxidation will reduce the effective cross-sectional area of traces and return paths, resulting in distorted eye diagrams and increased bit error rate (BER), greatly weakening high-frequency signal transmission stability.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b36873 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b36873\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-982ea0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"982ea0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d6fcbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0d6fcbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Advanced Corrosion and Open\/Short Circuit Failures<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1c9bdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c1c9bdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ac572a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ac572a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5b4641 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5b4641\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HVQRfpJcbd7x5bc8rXtcM0zJn9g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-B5Q2fWhajdYuRhclMA4cSEfDnRe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EBBSfHOrydI5GacHK1ecRgvJnMd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W9EAfl0bEdyTmQcJWIdc62zDn5z\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HzwVf3c8Rd7NVTcZ53Ic2OfBnih\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Hq7SfqJ9ddGswTcP0pscZSkdnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-M0EFftHM1dJ0bIc20HLclJfsnhg\">Copper oxidation is often the initial stage of PCB corrosion. In humid and polluted environments, residual ionic contaminants will further induce under-mask corrosion and Electrochemical Migration (ECM). With long-term operation, dendritic copper precipitation caused by ECM will lead to unexpected short circuits between adjacent traces, while severe trace corrosion will trigger open circuit failures, causing permanent damage to electronic equipment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e66a44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6e66a44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-264bbc7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"264bbc7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a84ae9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a84ae9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Shortened PCB Shelf Life and Pre-Production Scrap<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10c204 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a10c204\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7efe1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7efe1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-077e041 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"077e041\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HVQRfpJcbd7x5bc8rXtcM0zJn9g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-B5Q2fWhajdYuRhclMA4cSEfDnRe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EBBSfHOrydI5GacHK1ecRgvJnMd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W9EAfl0bEdyTmQcJWIdc62zDn5z\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HzwVf3c8Rd7NVTcZ53Ic2OfBnih\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CWOSfTsGIdmsiYcdW9kcmUlwnjb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-J2ktfUwlmdg7vIcY6g0cFXV8nWc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Z2bDfeImQd2vs6c5qSCc278OnLd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Z2bDfeImQd2vs6c5qSCc278OnLd\">Bare PCBs without effective surface protection have a fixed shelf life. Oxidation accumulated during post-fabrication storage will completely destroy the solderability of copper pads, making PCBs unassemblable and directly leading to batch scrap. The IPC-1601 industry standard clearly defines strict storage specifications for bare PCBs to avoid oxidation-induced pre-production failures.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4969a9f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4969a9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d431c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d431c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b675ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b675ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Common Stages of PCB Copper Oxidation Occurrence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-872e3e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"872e3e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84a492d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"84a492d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-Copper-Oxidation-1.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"Copper Oxidation\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b05ccc5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b05ccc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8a74b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8a74b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-421b7a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"421b7a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G3vbfqBFndOGfncQfCscekLIn4H\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RFynfUeRmdYnnDcgHtQcQ719n8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XRt5f6rlBd1xUzcBLY3czG0XnXe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TrMCfGqn0dH75pc9vWXcxDukneh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AvJIfzE47dPMaDcHZaPcNbxZnSc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ihp9fX3z4dXqE5cxrwfcpRSsnpd\">Copper oxidation is not limited to a single production link but runs through the gap stages of the PCB manufacturing and assembly process, mainly concentrated in two key periods:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf5b0e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cf5b0e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0f845e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e0f845e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bc24c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71bc24c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G3vbfqBFndOGfncQfCscekLIn4H\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RFynfUeRmdYnnDcgHtQcQ719n8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XRt5f6rlBd1xUzcBLY3czG0XnXe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TrMCfGqn0dH75pc9vWXcxDukneh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AvJIfzE47dPMaDcHZaPcNbxZnSc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ihp9fX3z4dXqE5cxrwfcpRSsnpd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Vn15fQWrrd4VYsc9VAfcVt38nYe\"><strong>Post-fabrication bare board storage<\/strong>: Oxidation occurs when finished bare PCBs are placed idle waiting for SMT assembly, with long-term air exposure accelerating oxide layer growth.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229e6fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229e6fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39d863e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39d863e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1fc8d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1fc8d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TKC7fKhL9dHZXkcf9LJc1K71nNb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VyWff8J3VdHy6VcYQHZcclHqnId\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZzMJfUXQVdKTwtcQR2ucfLtYnFe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VSKFf8CGVd52ikcQejZcVl2Tnvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F6LBfcH2TdYatYcS6YBc6acMnWe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QcGZfUVhGd3DTxcTQEdcmlZ1n4g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QzuVfE1Oqd2qWXcGNYJcs0FFnpb\"><strong>SMT assembly interval<\/strong>: Oxidation is prone to form during the gap between PCB pre-bake treatment and solder reflow processes, especially in environments with poor temperature and humidity control.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9805d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e9805d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f62616e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f62616e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-997bb51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"997bb51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TKC7fKhL9dHZXkcf9LJc1K71nNb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VyWff8J3VdHy6VcYQHZcclHqnId\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZzMJfUXQVdKTwtcQR2ucfLtYnFe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VSKFf8CGVd52ikcQejZcVl2Tnvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F6LBfcH2TdYatYcS6YBc6acMnWe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QcGZfUVhGd3DTxcTQEdcmlZ1n4g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QzuVfE1Oqd2qWXcGNYJcs0FFnpb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IpdBfz2eIdADYgccYw4cEwk4nde\">A complete anti-oxidation system must cover PCB design, manufacturing operation, and environmental storage control, and minimize the idle waiting time of each process link to cut off oxidation conditions from the source.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4562bfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4562bfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8d7280 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8d7280\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ceeaaa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ceeaaa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PCB Design Strategies to Prevent Copper Oxidation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67386f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"67386f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c37e7ba e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c37e7ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eff20c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7eff20c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TKC7fKhL9dHZXkcf9LJc1K71nNb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VyWff8J3VdHy6VcYQHZcclHqnId\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZzMJfUXQVdKTwtcQR2ucfLtYnFe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VSKFf8CGVd52ikcQejZcVl2Tnvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F6LBfcH2TdYatYcS6YBc6acMnWe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QcGZfUVhGd3DTxcTQEdcmlZ1n4g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QzuVfE1Oqd2qWXcGNYJcs0FFnpb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IpdBfz2eIdADYgccYw4cEwk4nde\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PRGrfSfxyd0sG0cMst6cI2X0nBe\">Scientific PCB design is the foundational barrier against copper oxidation. Reasonable layout optimization and surface process selection can fundamentally reduce copper exposure risks and enhance board anti-corrosion capability.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a87b641 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a87b641\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b48dc7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b48dc7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a9c28b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2a9c28b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Select Matching PCB Surface Finishes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0156034 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0156034\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b74f026 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b74f026\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38aa88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f38aa88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TKC7fKhL9dHZXkcf9LJc1K71nNb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VyWff8J3VdHy6VcYQHZcclHqnId\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZzMJfUXQVdKTwtcQR2ucfLtYnFe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VSKFf8CGVd52ikcQejZcVl2Tnvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F6LBfcH2TdYatYcS6YBc6acMnWe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TPnGf66x0dB4ZLcXUQtcD63lnrg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WyWSfDK3VduU1Ccl9ircOcJ3nge\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Dfk9friXbdy36zcTszpcKRG5nhf\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/immersion-tin-isn-pcb-surface-finish-full-comparison-pros-cons-best-use-cases\/\"><strong>Surface finish<\/strong><\/a> is the most direct and effective means to isolate bare copper from the external environment. Different finishing processes adapt to diverse application scenarios, shelf life requirements, and reliability standards. The mainstream anti-oxidation surface finishes in the industry include leaded\/lead-free HASL, OSP (Organic Solderability Preservative), ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold), ENEPIG, Immersion Tin (ISn), and Immersion Silver (IAg). Designers can select the optimal process according to product positioning, component precision, and service environment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3033a02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3033a02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5d4d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d5d4d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b3a55e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b3a55e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Optimize Solder Mask Layout to Reduce Exposed Copper<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1df7a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f1df7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2910d09 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2910d09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c72f9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c72f9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TKC7fKhL9dHZXkcf9LJc1K71nNb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VyWff8J3VdHy6VcYQHZcclHqnId\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZzMJfUXQVdKTwtcQR2ucfLtYnFe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VSKFf8CGVd52ikcQejZcVl2Tnvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F6LBfcH2TdYatYcS6YBc6acMnWe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TPnGf66x0dB4ZLcXUQtcD63lnrg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VYFZf57vqdJgbdcdcXycTkUunte\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UOUCfIHnQdO4q4cNPYqc4mJUnid\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MgPqf04JwdqPgXceqypcbuHdnAf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NMU0fgRmYdzTJfcnBZqcZUR4nCg\">The solder mask is not only used to prevent solder bridging during assembly but also serves as the primary anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion protective layer. In design, unnecessary exposed copper areas should be minimized, and solder mask openings should be strictly limited to the pad range only. For PCBs used in high-humidity and corrosive environments, tenting or full plugging of vias is required to prevent moisture and contaminants from penetrating into inner copper layers. All layout designs need to pass strict DFM verification to comply with the manufacturer\u2019s solder mask dam and clearance specifications.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c2bd74 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c2bd74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3626264 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3626264\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e8c14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e8c14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Optimize Board Edge Copper Distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-383074b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"383074b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19a905c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"19a905c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12de301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12de301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TKC7fKhL9dHZXkcf9LJc1K71nNb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VyWff8J3VdHy6VcYQHZcclHqnId\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZzMJfUXQVdKTwtcQR2ucfLtYnFe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VSKFf8CGVd52ikcQejZcVl2Tnvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F6LBfcH2TdYatYcS6YBc6acMnWe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TPnGf66x0dB4ZLcXUQtcD63lnrg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VYFZf57vqdJgbdcdcXycTkUunte\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UOUCfIHnQdO4q4cNPYqc4mJUnid\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Gc2RfbCiedrDvRc8Ix7cWygPn2e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MU6Cfww9QdR3aUchexocUrmsnld\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AgFffhG16dYNcecaE1GcUbI5nsb\">Routing and drilling processes often expose copper foils at board edges, cutouts, and mounting holes, forming vulnerable areas prone to oxidation and corrosion. In corrosive application scenarios, designers can properly retract copper planes from board edges. For chassis-connected mounting pads of industrial and automotive PCBs, targeted copper isolation and protection design should be adopted to avoid environmental corrosion.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04daf3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"04daf3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69808fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69808fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24bd6a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24bd6a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manufacturing &amp; Handling Best Practices for Oxidation Control<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54e488f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54e488f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7e9feb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c7e9feb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41e3f6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41e3f6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-O3JmfttkXdS5mbcu3qycaEJSnkf\">Excellent design schemes need standardized manufacturing and handling processes to support. Irregular operation and improper storage will quickly destroy the anti-oxidation performance of PCBs, so full-process standardized management is required in cooperation with manufacturers and assemblers.<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c4ba31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8c4ba31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35630ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35630ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38c4af1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38c4af1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Follow IPC-1601\/1602 Standard Storage Specifications<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af72e6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af72e6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13908dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13908dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-179fbb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"179fbb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EtqGfQygYdekD0cJjI5c8v4Tnnf\">All bare PCBs must be sealed and stored in moisture-barrier packaging bags equipped with desiccants and humidity indicator cards. The optimal storage temperature for bare boards is 15\u201330\u00b0C, which can effectively slow down the oxidation reaction rate. Meanwhile, unnecessary repeated high-temperature baking should be avoided to prevent irreversible damage to PCB solderability.<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-850a3c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"850a3c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7020cb0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7020cb0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c04478d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c04478d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Shorten the Interval Between Fabrication and Assembly<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b2edee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9b2edee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ce2da8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ce2da8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f760364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f760364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TKC7fKhL9dHZXkcf9LJc1K71nNb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VyWff8J3VdHy6VcYQHZcclHqnId\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZzMJfUXQVdKTwtcQR2ucfLtYnFe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VSKFf8CGVd52ikcQejZcVl2Tnvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F6LBfcH2TdYatYcS6YBc6acMnWe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TPnGf66x0dB4ZLcXUQtcD63lnrg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VYFZf57vqdJgbdcdcXycTkUunte\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UOUCfIHnQdO4q4cNPYqc4mJUnid\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Gc2RfbCiedrDvRc8Ix7cWygPn2e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MU6Cfww9QdR3aUchexocUrmsnld\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AgFffhG16dYNcecaE1GcUbI5nsb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-I5OKfEtJQdybPUcLMr6cGWdCnu8\">Copper oxidation is a time-dependent chemical process\u2014the longer the bare board is exposed to the air, the thicker the oxide layer. In supply chain management, the assembly process should be arranged immediately after PCB fabrication is completed. Reduce repeated packaging and unpacking operations to minimize copper exposure time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aa774e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0aa774e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a394de2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a394de2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7af86db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7af86db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Standardize Assembly Environment and Process Control<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee5039f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee5039f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e327724 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e327724\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb4dbe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb4dbe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CMr5fuYaDdA5odcvGqFcxRSen8b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OokwfCfbcdkyHccd1mQcJS8inNc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ep0Ofm3sWdgOzTcw5ZTcVwajnpe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OPOzfIXaydiMfIczomIcQq3Wn3e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Br3gfEFTKdSGHtcYEjec4vIQnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LwM5fgiH5dE8FWcHcw3cYqEEn4V\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GJ95flRtmdOh9qcq5tOcjPLtnSl\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WOCsfnGnhd8o3tcR1vmcJUzfnAh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PfXMfekGMdls4hckHfScjgcTnFq\">\n<div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JOIof7H6DdppETcAmzycT6i8nie\">\n<div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TcZgfqHaUdUy9WcZqiVcdVECnrh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEAdfZ9z3dOTZycj1AlcAtoDn6e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TKC7fKhL9dHZXkcf9LJc1K71nNb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VyWff8J3VdHy6VcYQHZcclHqnId\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZzMJfUXQVdKTwtcQR2ucfLtYnFe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VSKFf8CGVd52ikcQejZcVl2Tnvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F6LBfcH2TdYatYcS6YBc6acMnWe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TPnGf66x0dB4ZLcXUQtcD63lnrg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VYFZf57vqdJgbdcdcXycTkUunte\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UOUCfIHnQdO4q4cNPYqc4mJUnid\">\n<div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Gc2RfbCiedrDvRc8Ix7cWygPn2e\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MU6Cfww9QdR3aUchexocUrmsnld\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AgFffhG16dYNcecaE1GcUbI5nsb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-I5OKfEtJQdybPUcLMr6cGWdCnu8\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-S90tfAaTFdyW0Fca9Hgc0QRznab\">Operators must wear clean gloves or finger cots during handling to prevent skin oils and sweat from contaminating copper surfaces. Control the waiting time between solder paste printing and reflow soldering to avoid surface oxidation of solder pads. In addition, select high-quality flux with stable chemical properties, which can effectively remove thin native oxide layers without residual ionic pollutants, ensuring soldering quality and long-term reliability.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2984daf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2984daf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fab6847 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fab6847\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbeafb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ffbeafb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FAQ on PCB Copper Oxidation Prevention<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c0e60f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c0e60f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39d1e6f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39d1e6f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ac6b2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ac6b2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qc3Jf1PRKdDwmScIb8Fclc8nnyf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Vr9If5yiKdreJ4cCrZnckbPEnkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EGAlfIUgKdK5u6cxByGcx8DpnNg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AHhIfc2gMdSBavcSBgccRHMznOA\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LDZwfRRTvdQeFacaSpuc64ybnsb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F7H8fR2NRdNdjXcOtyRcFpuVnCd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MMQgfgMjCdQktdcMU3QcpJ7kncg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TUbVfCBLpd3Vb3cjVV5cvpisncc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YF3TfpVipdiL9lctD54cFv3xnf6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BZCCfievkdprmFcRfDqcvSkSn9d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JgW7fgRXedHrUKcIK9Nc6umwn4b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ENZRf3yyPdgwOjch3EKcOkC2nvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TMDufQlJkdjf2QcHkdcciv9Qng6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W1Tjf6v4QduBoickHhDcyX98nzh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BSNifZjrxdoFObckUjFcTk8Qn0g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MrSQf8jvJdwHIhcdwZGc4lAMnsc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EcMEfyCGjdO1rxckJCWcNp0Knoe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-B1kTfb4rrdd8oUcc41Ncahw0nk6\"><strong>Q: What causes copper oxidation on PCBs?<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f49ad2b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f49ad2b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8db37e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8db37e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1a1896 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1a1896\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qc3Jf1PRKdDwmScIb8Fclc8nnyf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Vr9If5yiKdreJ4cCrZnckbPEnkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EGAlfIUgKdK5u6cxByGcx8DpnNg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AHhIfc2gMdSBavcSBgccRHMznOA\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LDZwfRRTvdQeFacaSpuc64ybnsb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F7H8fR2NRdNdjXcOtyRcFpuVnCd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MMQgfgMjCdQktdcMU3QcpJ7kncg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TUbVfCBLpd3Vb3cjVV5cvpisncc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YF3TfpVipdiL9lctD54cFv3xnf6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BZCCfievkdprmFcRfDqcvSkSn9d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JgW7fgRXedHrUKcIK9Nc6umwn4b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ENZRf3yyPdgwOjch3EKcOkC2nvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TMDufQlJkdjf2QcHkdcciv9Qng6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W1Tjf6v4QduBoickHhDcyX98nzh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BSNifZjrxdoFObckUjFcTk8Qn0g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MrSQf8jvJdwHIhcdwZGc4lAMnsc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EcMEfyCGjdO1rxckJCWcNp0Knoe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-B1kTfb4rrdd8oUcc41Ncahw0nk6\">A: PCB copper oxidation is a chemical reaction between exposed bare copper and atmospheric oxygen, accelerated by high temperature, high humidity, and environmental pollutants. It forms reddish cuprous oxide or black cupric oxide, resulting in pad and trace discoloration.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-298ee47 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"298ee47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0bba32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a0bba32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca0df2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca0df2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qc3Jf1PRKdDwmScIb8Fclc8nnyf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Vr9If5yiKdreJ4cCrZnckbPEnkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EGAlfIUgKdK5u6cxByGcx8DpnNg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AHhIfc2gMdSBavcSBgccRHMznOA\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LDZwfRRTvdQeFacaSpuc64ybnsb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F7H8fR2NRdNdjXcOtyRcFpuVnCd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MMQgfgMjCdQktdcMU3QcpJ7kncg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TUbVfCBLpd3Vb3cjVV5cvpisncc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YF3TfpVipdiL9lctD54cFv3xnf6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BZCCfievkdprmFcRfDqcvSkSn9d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JgW7fgRXedHrUKcIK9Nc6umwn4b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ENZRf3yyPdgwOjch3EKcOkC2nvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TMDufQlJkdjf2QcHkdcciv9Qng6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W1Tjf6v4QduBoickHhDcyX98nzh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BSNifZjrxdoFObckUjFcTk8Qn0g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MrSQf8jvJdwHIhcdwZGc4lAMnsc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EcMEfyCGjdO1rxckJCWcNp0Knoe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Gip1fATdLdHWpocSPhLczu4knVb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Eqy8fdODpdrhlFcQKYzcZJyOnXf\"><strong>Q: Why is copper oxidation a critical issue for PCB design?<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-843e79b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"843e79b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-771585e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"771585e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d46b2db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d46b2db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qc3Jf1PRKdDwmScIb8Fclc8nnyf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Vr9If5yiKdreJ4cCrZnckbPEnkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EGAlfIUgKdK5u6cxByGcx8DpnNg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AHhIfc2gMdSBavcSBgccRHMznOA\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LDZwfRRTvdQeFacaSpuc64ybnsb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F7H8fR2NRdNdjXcOtyRcFpuVnCd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MMQgfgMjCdQktdcMU3QcpJ7kncg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TUbVfCBLpd3Vb3cjVV5cvpisncc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YF3TfpVipdiL9lctD54cFv3xnf6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BZCCfievkdprmFcRfDqcvSkSn9d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JgW7fgRXedHrUKcIK9Nc6umwn4b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ENZRf3yyPdgwOjch3EKcOkC2nvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TMDufQlJkdjf2QcHkdcciv9Qng6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W1Tjf6v4QduBoickHhDcyX98nzh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BSNifZjrxdoFObckUjFcTk8Qn0g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MrSQf8jvJdwHIhcdwZGc4lAMnsc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EcMEfyCGjdO1rxckJCWcNp0Knoe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Gip1fATdLdHWpocSPhLczu4knVb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Eqy8fdODpdrhlFcQKYzcZJyOnXf\">A: Copper oxidation damages solderability, increases contact resistance, and causes signal loss and solder joint defects. Long-term oxidation will induce circuit corrosion and open\/short failures, seriously affecting the stability and service life of high-speed, high-power, and high-reliability electronic products.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6fa9cd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6fa9cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-826363d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"826363d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ca200a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ca200a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qc3Jf1PRKdDwmScIb8Fclc8nnyf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Vr9If5yiKdreJ4cCrZnckbPEnkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EGAlfIUgKdK5u6cxByGcx8DpnNg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AHhIfc2gMdSBavcSBgccRHMznOA\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LDZwfRRTvdQeFacaSpuc64ybnsb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F7H8fR2NRdNdjXcOtyRcFpuVnCd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MMQgfgMjCdQktdcMU3QcpJ7kncg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TUbVfCBLpd3Vb3cjVV5cvpisncc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YF3TfpVipdiL9lctD54cFv3xnf6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BZCCfievkdprmFcRfDqcvSkSn9d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JgW7fgRXedHrUKcIK9Nc6umwn4b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ENZRf3yyPdgwOjch3EKcOkC2nvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TMDufQlJkdjf2QcHkdcciv9Qng6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W1Tjf6v4QduBoickHhDcyX98nzh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BSNifZjrxdoFObckUjFcTk8Qn0g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MrSQf8jvJdwHIhcdwZGc4lAMnsc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EcMEfyCGjdO1rxckJCWcNp0Knoe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Gip1fATdLdHWpocSPhLczu4knVb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-BXrbfPnlpdIQSpcUhurcJmfenAc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-XtQZf5M1QdXE70cUEGVc1T7pnab\"><strong>Q: How does oxidation affect PCB mass assembly yield?<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e23f937 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e23f937\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a857d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a857d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cb994e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0cb994e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qc3Jf1PRKdDwmScIb8Fclc8nnyf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Vr9If5yiKdreJ4cCrZnckbPEnkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EGAlfIUgKdK5u6cxByGcx8DpnNg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AHhIfc2gMdSBavcSBgccRHMznOA\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LDZwfRRTvdQeFacaSpuc64ybnsb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F7H8fR2NRdNdjXcOtyRcFpuVnCd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MMQgfgMjCdQktdcMU3QcpJ7kncg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TUbVfCBLpd3Vb3cjVV5cvpisncc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IZ8Zfe0atdjgQOcljFLc6Oo3nDb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YF3TfpVipdiL9lctD54cFv3xnf6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BZCCfievkdprmFcRfDqcvSkSn9d\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JgW7fgRXedHrUKcIK9Nc6umwn4b\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ENZRf3yyPdgwOjch3EKcOkC2nvf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TMDufQlJkdjf2QcHkdcciv9Qng6\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W1Tjf6v4QduBoickHhDcyX98nzh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BSNifZjrxdoFObckUjFcTk8Qn0g\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCeyfk2MAdPW2lcNstVcmxA1nfh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MrSQf8jvJdwHIhcdwZGc4lAMnsc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EcMEfyCGjdO1rxckJCWcNp0Knoe\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-ZMkcf2pocdl9nacWlGqcUpVWnnc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-Gip1fATdLdHWpocSPhLczu4knVb\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-BXrbfPnlpdIQSpcUhurcJmfenAc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-BXrbfPnlpdIQSpcUhurcJmfenAc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\" old-record-id-XtQZf5M1QdXE70cUEGVc1T7pnab\">A: The oxide layer insulates the copper surface and hinders solder wetting, producing a large number of defective joints such as cold joints and weak connections. This greatly improves the rework rate and scrap rate in mass production, reducing overall assembly yield.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a6d31c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a6d31c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5df0ea1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5df0ea1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dd8942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7dd8942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About US<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5dd9e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b5dd9e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d2aab8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d2aab8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a5de8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a5de8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\">Founded in 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/about-us\/\"><strong>JKRGLO<\/strong><\/a> strives to build a one-stop platform for the electronic industry chain. By integrating PCB manufacturing, component procurement and PCB assembly services, we enable digital PCBA processing. With increasing investment in innovation and digital systems, we have achieved rapid growth and emerged as a leading PCB and PCBA manufacturer in the industry, capable of rapidly producing high-reliability and cost-effective products.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/about-us\/\"><strong>About US<\/strong><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e9ae48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47e9ae48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:93,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40c24d4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"40c24d4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23b92067 elementor-toc--content-ellipsis elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"23b92067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__23b92067\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__23b92067\" class=\"elementor-toc__body elementor-toc__list-items--collapsible\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Copper Oxidation in PCBs: Causes, Reliability Risks, and Proven Prevention Techniques Facebook X-twitter Youtube Copper is the foundational conductive material [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2649,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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