{"id":1513,"date":"2026-03-24T15:49:51","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T07:49:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/?p=1513"},"modified":"2026-04-14T17:31:25","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T09:31:25","slug":"how-are-pcbs-made-step-by-step","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/fr\/how-are-pcbs-made-step-by-step\/","title":{"rendered":"How are PCBs made step by step?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1513\" class=\"elementor elementor-1513\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2197b92e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2197b92e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d9be44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63d9be44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23e7bd4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"23e7bd4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/\">HOME<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a9843c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"24a9843c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d8692ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d8692ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1558e31d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1558e31d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750f0992 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"750f0992\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PCB Manufacturing Process: Complete Step-by-Step Guide (2026 Updated)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f148d1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f148d1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1572d357 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1572d357\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-573558fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"573558fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-c9d822a elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJKRGLO R&amp;D Engineer\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-2bae3db elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>03\/24\/2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-5a82ee1 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-clock\" 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256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-x-twitter elementor-repeater-item-5ed3d93\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">X-twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-x-twitter\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-youtube elementor-repeater-item-02bc2ba\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Youtube<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg 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data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f95b952 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f95b952\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16bb70ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"16bb70ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63347ff4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63347ff4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\"><strong>PCB<\/strong> manufacturing consists of 19 core steps, from pre-production DFM checks to final routing. 90% of quality issues and price differences come from suppliers cutting corners in these steps. This guide includes factory-verified technical parameters, common pitfalls, and 2026 industry updates.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9862f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cd9862f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46287ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46287ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edf617 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2edf617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">If you\u2019ve ever searched for \u201chow are PCBs made,\u201d you\u2019ve probably seen generic 5-step lists that skip 70% of the actual process. Those lists are useless for anyone who needs to understand why your boards fail or why quotes vary by 300% for the same design. This guide is based on 10 years of factory floor experience and follows the exact workflow used at JKR Precision.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d39090 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d39090\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3e9e7 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5f3e9e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"879\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Step-by-step-PCB-manufacturing-process-1024x879.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1927\" alt=\"Step-by-step PCB manufacturing process\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Step-by-step-PCB-manufacturing-process-1024x879.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Step-by-step-PCB-manufacturing-process-300x258.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Step-by-step-PCB-manufacturing-process-768x660.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Step-by-step-PCB-manufacturing-process-1536x1319.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Step-by-step-PCB-manufacturing-process-2048x1759.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19da297d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"19da297d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13091022 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13091022\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35e03e28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"35e03e28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pre-Production Engineering (The Most Overlooked Step)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50ae7fa3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"50ae7fa3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71158c07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"71158c07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a48eb27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a48eb27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">Everything starts with your design files. We receive Gerber\/ODB++\/IPC-2581 files, netlists, drill files, and BOMs from clients.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c2630b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c2630b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c374712 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c374712\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b5767a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b5767a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">This stage has three critical parts:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8071c1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8071c1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a812844 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a812844\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82e5eec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82e5eec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>DFM (Design for Manufacturing) Check<\/strong>: We identify potential errors that will cause production failures, such as insufficient trace spacing, undersized annular rings, or invalid drill sizes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>CAM Processing<\/strong>: We convert your electronic files into machine-readable instructions, verify layer order, and run design rule checks (DRC).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Production File Generation<\/strong>: We create drill programs, imaging layers, solder mask files, route files, and IPC netlists.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21328fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21328fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78c8c06 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78c8c06\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b178ad2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b178ad2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<p><strong>Production Line Truth:<\/strong> 80% of PCB production problems originate here. Cheap suppliers will skip the full DFM check and only verify file formats. If they make a mistake, they\u2019ll blame your design instead of taking responsibility.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c88f621 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c88f621\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-436bce4 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"436bce4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"549\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/CAM365-V3-Cover-1024x549.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1928\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/CAM365-V3-Cover-1024x549.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/CAM365-V3-Cover-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/CAM365-V3-Cover-768x412.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/CAM365-V3-Cover-1536x823.png 1536w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/CAM365-V3-Cover.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14594a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14594a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb61e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffb61e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fafce3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fafce3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inner Layer Imaging<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d00193 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9d00193\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b303284 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b303284\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c79ce96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c79ce96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">We use laser direct imaging (LDI) for all inner layer patterning, which delivers 25% higher accuracy than traditional film-based imaging.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cf3ecb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5cf3ecb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5a39db e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e5a39db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b26756 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b26756\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">The process:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-734c0ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"734c0ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e97a6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e97a6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe00483 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe00483\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Photoresist Application<\/strong>: We apply a uniform layer of light-sensitive dry film to the copper surface.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Laser Direct Imaging<\/strong>: A computer-controlled laser selectively hardens the photoresist to form your circuit pattern.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Development<\/strong>: We wash away the unexposed photoresist with an alkaline solution, leaving the protected copper intact.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c2711 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c0c2711\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9807514 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9807514\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d891c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d891c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p><strong>Pitfall Avoidance Guide:<\/strong> Old film-based imaging systems have a tolerance of \u00b10.1mm, while modern LDI systems achieve \u00b10.02mm. For high-speed designs or fine-pitch components, always confirm your supplier uses LDI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e0cbed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e0cbed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78370e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78370e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98a81a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"98a81a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etching<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b29f13 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b29f13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42fbaaa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42fbaaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0b56c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0b56c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>Etching removes the excess copper that isn\u2019t protected by the hardened photoresist, revealing your exact circuit pattern.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9daa791 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9daa791\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50b00e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a50b00e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5154ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5154ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>We use a conveyorized develop-etch-strip line with controlled spray pressure and chemistry. Key parameters we monitor:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e81a53b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e81a53b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a7ed90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a7ed90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67afa96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67afa96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<ul>\n<li>Etchant temperature and concentration<\/li>\n<li>Panel movement speed<\/li>\n<li>Spray pressure distribution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97d53ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"97d53ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bc061b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0bc061b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/PCB-etching-process-and-chemical-reaction-formula.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1929\" alt=\"PCB-etching-process-and-chemical-reaction-formula\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/PCB-etching-process-and-chemical-reaction-formula.webp 600w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/PCB-etching-process-and-chemical-reaction-formula-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-180fc76 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"180fc76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40dff8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d40dff8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e148ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e148ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Photoresist Stripping<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b33087c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b33087c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1847681 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1847681\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcb6cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcb6cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>We remove the remaining hardened photoresist using a caustic solution combined with high-pressure water rinsing. This exposes the pure copper circuit pattern underneath.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c21ce8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c21ce8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0beb545 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0beb545\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea74ca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea74ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inspection &amp; Post-Etch Punch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5005921 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5005921\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5600d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5600d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd1a1f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd1a1f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>This is the first major quality control checkpoint.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca73121 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca73121\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21ad5d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21ad5d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a22598 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a22598\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Post-Etch Punch<\/strong>: We punch alignment holes using optical targets on the inner layers to ensure perfect layer-to-layer registration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Automated Optical Inspection (AOI)<\/strong>: High-definition cameras scan every inch of the board to detect shorts, opens, trace width variations, and missing features.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659470e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"659470e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce068b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ce068b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4069a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4069a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p><strong>Production Line Truth:<\/strong> Cheap suppliers will skip the AOI inspection for inner layers. Any defects here will be permanently sealed inside the board during lamination and impossible to repair later.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-434dd68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"434dd68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59d45d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a59d45d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f545802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f545802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alternative Oxide Coating<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b89f40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b89f40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d0913d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d0913d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90737d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90737d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>We apply a thin oxide coating to the copper circuit patterns. This acts as an adhesion promoter to ensure strong bonding between layers during lamination and prevents copper oxidation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ddece8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ddece8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-457b482 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"457b482\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3dfaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8b3dfaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lamination<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e03296 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e03296\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26f7112 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26f7112\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a38ef4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a38ef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>Lamination bonds the inner layers, prepreg (sticky fiberglass), and copper foil into a single solid multilayer board.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d55bb9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d55bb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-491d5fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"491d5fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3956500 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3956500\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>The process:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcc5788 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fcc5788\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af13e36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af13e36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0161d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0161d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Stack-Up Preparation<\/strong>: We carefully arrange the layers in a symmetrical configuration according to your stack-up design.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hot Pressing<\/strong>: We apply 300-400 PSI of pressure at 180-200\u00b0C for 2 hours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cold Pressing<\/strong>: We cool the stack under pressure to prevent warping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90aaa62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"90aaa62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f51b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6f51b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cf575a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cf575a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p><strong>Pitfall Avoidance Guide:<\/strong> To rush orders, some factories will cut the cure time to 45 minutes and crank up the temperature. This creates weak internal bonds that will delaminate when the board gets hot in use.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a3abe7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a3abe7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f24f335 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f24f335\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"950\" height=\"475\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/2021052017302612248686.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1930\" alt=\"Multilayer PCB stack-up\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/2021052017302612248686.jpg 950w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/2021052017302612248686-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/2021052017302612248686-768x384.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6a0ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d6a0ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b2247d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b2247d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5737d79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5737d79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Drilling<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357f423 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"357f423\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d11669a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d11669a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f65b525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f65b525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>We drill thousands of tiny holes for vias and component mounting using computer-controlled X-ray drill machines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2736365 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2736365\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-840172c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"840172c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3807c63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3807c63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<ul>\n<li>Minimum drill diameter: 125 microns (0.0049 inches)<\/li>\n<li>Positioning accuracy: \u00b15 microns<\/li>\n<li>We remove all burrs from the hole walls after drilling.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-972d152 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"972d152\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbb673 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cdbb673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96a7984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96a7984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p><strong>Production Line Truth:<\/strong> Drill bits wear out. Reputable factories replace drill bits every 1,000 hits. Cheap factories reuse them up to 5,000 times, resulting in rough hole walls that cause plating failures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-459cb9b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"459cb9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cb040d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3cb040d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12e725f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12e725f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metallization of the Dielectric<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f6e7b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f6e7b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750604f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"750604f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfe6170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cfe6170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>This step makes the drilled hole walls conductive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fefd2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fefd2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5be8b47 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5be8b47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a01b96e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a01b96e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>De-Smear<\/strong>: We remove all epoxy residue from the hole walls using chemical or plasma etching.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Catalyst Activation<\/strong>: We apply a palladium-based catalyst to initiate the copper deposition reaction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Electroless Copper Deposition<\/strong>: We deposit a uniform 20-micron thick copper layer on all surfaces, including the inside of the holes (per IPC Class 2 requirements).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e13101 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0e13101\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-405bfdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"405bfdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecef017 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ecef017\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p><strong>Pitfall Avoidance Guide:<\/strong> This is the step 90% of cheap suppliers skip. They cut the de-smear time and dilute the chemicals, resulting in incomplete copper plating inside the holes. This causes intermittent open circuits that appear 6-12 months after production.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-679c242 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"679c242\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ad1dda elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1ad1dda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"520\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/520x405-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1934\" alt=\"Electroless copper deposition line\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/520x405-1.jpg 520w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/520x405-1-300x234.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee38d3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee38d3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22be3e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"22be3e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-103a16b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"103a16b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Outer Layer Imaging<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f53eea6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f53eea6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94dc3d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94dc3d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6d28dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6d28dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>We repeat the same photoresist and LDI process used for the inner layers, but this time for the outer layers of the board.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ddfbcd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ddfbcd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4706187 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4706187\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-128f681 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"128f681\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Copper Plating<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c9a476 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c9a476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-324f745 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"324f745\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b753bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b753bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>We electroplate additional copper onto the surface and inside the holes to ensure reliable electrical connectivity between layers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b5b5bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b5b5bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be920b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"be920b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77f9369 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"77f9369\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>After copper plating, we apply a thin layer of tin to protect the copper pads and traces during the final etching process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9064bd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9064bd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9335a37 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9335a37\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7b6bc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7b6bc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Photoresist Stripping (Outer Layer)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79bd0c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"79bd0c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a688a06 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a688a06\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93503cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93503cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>We remove the photoresist from the outer layers, exposing the unwanted copper that will be etched away.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7610158 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7610158\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9905f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a9905f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8c08b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f8c08b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Final Etching<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e606fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0e606fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29e582 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a29e582\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b21600 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b21600\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>We chemically remove the exposed unwanted copper using an ammoniacal etchant. The tin layer protects the desired copper circuit pattern from being etched.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e1937 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31e1937\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37777ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37777ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f43e5a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f43e5a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tin Stripping<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f80fef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0f80fef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55788b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55788b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06252f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06252f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>We dissolve the protective tin layer using concentrated nitric acid, revealing the final clean copper circuit pattern.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2397c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e2397c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed64c5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ed64c5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ace6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"71ace6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Solder Mask Application<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10d8331 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10d8331\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ffe9ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ffe9ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e24449f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e24449f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<p>Solder mask provides electrical insulation, prevents solder bridges, and protects the copper from corrosion. We use liquid photo imageable (LPI) solder mask for all boards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e50c430 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e50c430\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8306e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8306e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16df599 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16df599\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div>The process:<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>LPI coating<\/li>\n<li>UV imaging<\/li>\n<li>Developing<\/li>\n<li>Curing and final baking<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08790b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08790b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fec163 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fec163\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fef242 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fef242\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\"><strong>Fun Fact:<\/strong> Green is the standard solder mask color because it reflects the least amount of light. Before automated inspection, human inspectors could work longer with less eye strain using green masks.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cf2cab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9cf2cab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbc6ba4 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dbc6ba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"458\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/pcb-colors-explained.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1781\" alt=\"pcb colors explained\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/pcb-colors-explained.jpg 800w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/pcb-colors-explained-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/pcb-colors-explained-768x440.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db5211a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db5211a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-416837d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"416837d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd4394 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3dd4394\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surface Finish<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0f7b65 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0f7b65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fd6836 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5fd6836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6395c61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6395c61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">Surface finish protects the bare copper from oxidation and ensures good solderability during assembly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7867af2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7867af2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b082730 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b082730\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fa8cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0fa8cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Complete Surface Finish Comparison (2026)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d7f90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d7f90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8050a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"d8050a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-51\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"6\"\n           data-rows=\"7\"\n           data-wpID=\"51\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"1\">\n\n                    <thead>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <th class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left wpdt-bold wpdt-bc-DFDFDF\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:16.666666666667%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Type                    <\/th>\n                                                <th class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left wpdt-bold wpdt-bc-DFDFDF\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:16.666666666667%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Description                    <\/th>\n                                                <th class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left wpdt-bold wpdt-bc-DFDFDF\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:16.666666666667%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Cost                    <\/th>\n                                                <th class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left wpdt-bold wpdt-bc-DFDFDF\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:16.666666666667%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Shelf Life                    <\/th>\n                                                <th class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left wpdt-bold wpdt-bc-DFDFDF\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:16.666666666667%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Best For                    <\/th>\n                                                <th class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left wpdt-bold wpdt-bc-DFDFDF\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"F1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"5\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:16.666666666667%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Common Pitfalls                    <\/th>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        OSP                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Organic water-based coating                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Lowest                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3-6 months                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        High-volume consumer electronics                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"F2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"5\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Cannot be reworked multiple times                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Lead-Free HASL                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hot air solder leveling                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Low                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        12 months                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        General purpose boards                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"F3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"5\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Uneven surface, not suitable for fine pitch                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ENIG                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Electroless nickel immersion gold                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Medium                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        12-24 months                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Fine pitch, BGA, high reliability                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"F4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"5\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Black pad defect risk                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ENEPIG                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nickel-palladium-gold                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        High                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        24+ months                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Automotive, medical, wire bonding                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"F5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"5\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Higher cost                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Immersion Silver                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thin silver coating                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Medium                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        6-12 months                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        High-speed designs                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"F6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"5\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tarnishes easily                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hard Gold                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thick gold plating                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Highest                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        24+ months                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Edge connectors, high wear areas                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-align-left\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"F7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"5\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Not suitable for soldering                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-51'>\n.wpdt-bc-DFDFDF { background-color: #DFDFDF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9b0912 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9b0912\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd27eae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd27eae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-385245f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"385245f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Silkscreen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2622040 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2622040\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97d5e23 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"97d5e23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a617f17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a617f17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">We print component designators, part numbers, logos, and other legends using inkjet printing technology. The ink is then cured in an oven.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eea84a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5eea84a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aef73df e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aef73df\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6b4c50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6b4c50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Electrical Test (E-Test)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d4a669 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d4a669\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82ce8e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"82ce8e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f0d3b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f0d3b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div>We test every single board for shorts, opens, and netlist integrity using flying probe testers.<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>100% of boards are tested at JKR Precision<\/li>\n<li>We test every connection point on the board<\/li>\n<li>Any failed board is immediately scrapped<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f94259 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f94259\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-076bcc0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"076bcc0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-295386c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"295386c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\"><strong>Pitfall Avoidance Guide:<\/strong> Cheap suppliers only test 5-10% of your boards randomly. They\u2019re gambling that most will work. When they lose, you lose.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d1bcfc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d1bcfc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0240cf elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a0240cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"390\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Flying-Probe-Tester.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1682\" alt=\"Flying Probe Test\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Flying-Probe-Tester.jpg 390w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Flying-Probe-Tester-300x172.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7831ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f7831ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59ea64d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59ea64d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82bf80b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"82bf80b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Routing &amp; V-Scoring<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30d3865 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30d3865\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ae71f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ae71f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86ff615 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86ff615\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div>Finally, we cut the individual boards out of the production panel using either a router or V-scoring machine.<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Routing<\/strong>: Leaves small tabs that are easily broken off<\/li>\n<li><strong>V-Scoring<\/strong>: Cuts diagonal grooves on both sides of the panel for easy separation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2690b0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2690b0e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43880f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"43880f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c487e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c487e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2026 PCB Manufacturing Industry Updates<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b83e72 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b83e72\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ea7665 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ea7665\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a0f12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11a0f12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">Two major changes are reshaping the industry this year:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dd662f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7dd662f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbd80fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dbd80fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02178d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02178d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>AI-Powered AOI<\/strong>: AI inspection systems now catch 35% more fine-pitch defects than human inspectors, especially for traces under 0.1mm wide. All JKR production lines have been upgraded to AI AOI as of Q1 2026.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>EU CSRD Mandate<\/strong>: Starting in 2027, all electronic components sold in the EU require full digital traceability from raw material to finished product. We estimate 30% of small unregulated factories in China will shut down by the end of 2026 because they cannot afford the required upgrades.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b04c4ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b04c4ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85c6cfc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"85c6cfc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a6f4eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a6f4eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Real Questions, Real Answers<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c90393 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c90393\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7e8271 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d7e8271\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487e5ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"487e5ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Q: Why can one supplier quote $2 and another quote $6 for the exact same PCB design?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdd06d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fdd06d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a519772 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a519772\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-306d291 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"306d291\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\">A: 90% of the price difference comes from skipped steps, not material costs. The $2 supplier will:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc13b4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fc13b4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68ab85a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68ab85a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bb6cf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0bb6cf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skip full DFM checks<\/li>\n<li>Reuse drill bits 5x longer than recommended<\/li>\n<li>Cut de-smear and plating times in half<\/li>\n<li>Only test 5% of your boards<\/li>\n<li>Use cheap solvent-based solder mask<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-096b64c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"096b64c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86f9d59 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"86f9d59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ccfd2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ccfd2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\">The $6 supplier will do every step correctly and test 100% of your boards. I\u2019ve seen clients save $30,000 on an order only to lose $200,000 in recalls and customer refunds.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b2ee42 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b2ee42\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c661f56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c661f56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6025af5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6025af5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Q: What\u2019s the difference between prototype and production PCB manufacturing?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-586ca5d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"586ca5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ff2ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93ff2ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c7820e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c7820e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\">A: Prototype boards are made with faster turnaround times (24-72 hours) but often skip some non-critical quality control steps. Production boards go through the full 19-step process with 100% testing. Never use prototype boards for mass production. I once saw a client use 1,000 prototype boards for a trade show, and 40% failed on the show floor.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a4fce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e0a4fce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1789f53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1789f53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bedb19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3bedb19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\">If you\u2019re ready to manufacture your PCB design, or you want a second opinion on a quote you\u2019ve received, send us your Gerber files. We\u2019ll provide a free comprehensive DFM check and a transparent, no-hidden-fees quote. You can submit your files through our website:<strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/<\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14b9307 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14b9307\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd74ef6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd74ef6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c44504c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c44504c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About US<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5dd9e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b5dd9e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d2aab8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d2aab8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a5de8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a5de8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\">Founded in 2012, JKRGLO strives to build a one-stop platform for the electronic industry chain. By integrating PCB manufacturing, component procurement and PCB assembly services, we enable digital PCBA processing. With increasing investment in innovation and digital systems, we have achieved rapid growth and emerged as a leading PCB and PCBA manufacturer in the industry, capable of rapidly producing high-reliability and cost-effective products.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/about-us\/\">About US<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e9ae48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47e9ae48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__23b92067\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Apri l&#039;indice\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__23b92067\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Chiudi l&#039;indice\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__23b92067\" class=\"elementor-toc__body elementor-toc__list-items--collapsible\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PCB Manufacturing Process: Complete Step-by-Step Guide (2026 Updated) Facebook X-twitter Youtube PCB manufacturing consists of 19 core steps, from 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