{"id":4011,"date":"2026-09-22T15:27:41","date_gmt":"2026-09-22T07:27:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/?p=4011"},"modified":"2026-10-10T14:59:30","modified_gmt":"2026-10-10T06:59:30","slug":"pcb-board-parts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/de\/pcb-board-parts\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB Board Parts"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4011\" class=\"elementor elementor-4011\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2197b92e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2197b92e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d9be44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63d9be44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23e7bd4e elementor-widget 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elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"750f0992\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Circuit Board Components: What Every PCB Part Is Called and How to Identify It<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f148d1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f148d1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1572d357 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1572d357\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-573558fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"573558fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-c9d822a elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJKRGLO R&amp;D Engineer\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-2bae3db elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>09\/22\/2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-5a82ee1 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-clock\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" 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data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f701608 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f701608\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6542af0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6542af0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fc5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2fc5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opening Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3a3556 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3a3556\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-975c1f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"975c1f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20d685a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20d685a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Every electronic product, from a $4 phone charger to a data-centre accelerator card, is built on the same two things: a board, and the parts soldered onto it. Get the vocabulary right and everything downstream gets easier, whether you are writing a bill of materials or reading a failure report. Get it wrong and you end up ordering bare boards on the week you needed finished assemblies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">This guide covers the whole picture. What the parts of a circuit board are called, what each type actually does, how to identify a part you are holding when there is no schematic in front of you, and which material and component choices quietly decide whether your build ships on time.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"background: #f0f7f2; border-left: 4px solid #0e7c3f; padding: 16px 18px; margin: 0 0 22px; border-radius: 4px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; color: #0b5c2f;\">Quick answer<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 12px;\">The parts of a circuit board fall into two groups. The <strong>board features<\/strong> are built into the bare board during fabrication: substrate, copper traces, pads, vias, solder mask, silkscreen, and surface finish. The <strong>circuit board components<\/strong> are the electronic parts soldered onto that board during assembly: resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, connectors, sensors, and protection devices.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 12px;\"><strong>PCB board parts<\/strong> are the electronic components mounted and soldered onto a printed circuit board to make it work. Resistors limit current, capacitors store and filter, inductors and ferrite beads handle magnetic energy and noise, diodes and transistors switch it, integrated circuits process it, and connectors move it on and off the board.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\">Every part belongs to one of two families. <strong>Passive parts<\/strong> store or shape energy and cannot amplify a signal: resistors, capacitors, inductors. <strong>Active parts<\/strong> need a power source and can switch, amplify, or process signals: diodes, transistors, ICs. You can tell them apart by the letter printed next to each one on the board. R is a resistor, C is a capacitor, U is an IC.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc0b985 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fc0b985\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c16a8d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c16a8d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15b14d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15b14d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Are the Parts of a Circuit Board Called?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-705a83f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"705a83f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79647e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"79647e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0690fce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0690fce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Ask ten people and you will get ten answers, because the word &#8220;parts&#8221; is doing two jobs in that question. A circuit board has <strong>board features<\/strong>, the things built into the laminate itself, and it has <strong>components<\/strong>, the electronic parts soldered onto the surface. Most confusion about PCB terminology traces back to mixing those two lists up.<\/p><div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\"><p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>The parts of a circuit board are called either board features or circuit board components.<\/strong> Board features are created during PCB fabrication and include the substrate, copper traces, pads, vias, solder mask, silkscreen, and surface finish. Circuit board components are the electronic parts added during assembly and include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, connectors, sensors, and protection devices.<\/p><\/div><div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Group<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Also called<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">What it covers<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">When it is added<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Board features<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Bare-board structure, PCB features, &#8220;the board itself&#8221;<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Substrate, copper traces, pads, vias, solder mask, silkscreen, surface finish<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">During PCB fabrication, from Gerber files<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Circuit board components<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">PCB board parts, PCB components, electronic components<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, ICs, connectors, sensors, fuses<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">During PCB assembly, from the BOM and pick-and-place file<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">That split is not academic. It decides which supplier you talk to. Features come from the PCB fabricator. Components come from the assembly house. Send a fabricator your BOM, or send an assembler your Gerbers with no BOM attached, and you will get a delay instead of a quote.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">The seven features of the bare board<\/h3><div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Feature<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">What it is<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">What it does<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">What usually goes wrong<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Substrate<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">The insulating base. FR-4 glass-reinforced epoxy on the majority of boards<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Gives the board rigidity and keeps the copper layers electrically separated<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Warping during reflow when the Tg rating is too low for the process<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Copper traces<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Etched copper pathways, commonly 35 \u00b5m (1 oz) thick<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Carry signals and power between pads<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Opens from over-etching; crosstalk when parallel traces sit too close<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Pads<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Exposed copper areas where component terminals are soldered<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Create the solderable landing zone for each terminal<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Tombstoning or non-wetting when the pad does not match the datasheet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Vias<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Plated holes that connect traces on different layers<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Let a signal change layers without a wire<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Voids inside the barrel; solder wicking during assembly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Solder mask<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">The green, blue, black, or red polymer coating over the copper<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Stops solder bridging between adjacent pads and protects the surface<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Bridging between fine-pitch pins when the mask dam is too narrow<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Silkscreen<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">The white printed text, reference designators, and polarity marks<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Tells you what each part is and which way round it goes<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Unreadable labels when print overlaps a pad or via<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Surface finish<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">The coating on exposed copper: HASL, ENIG, OSP, immersion silver<\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Stops oxidation and keeps pads solderable<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-287a0cc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"287a0cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa6ce89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aa6ce89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-cross-section-layers-exploded-1024x641.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4173\" alt=\"Cross section of a bare PCB showing substrate, copper, solder mask and silkscreen\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-cross-section-layers-exploded-1024x641.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-cross-section-layers-exploded-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-cross-section-layers-exploded-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-cross-section-layers-exploded.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-504edfa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"504edfa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46bc4f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46bc4f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-946f589 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"946f589\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Is a PCB, and What Does It Actually Do?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53f00bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53f00bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ad9856 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ad9856\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-851dad0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"851dad0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>A printed circuit board (PCB) is a flat insulating board with copper pathways printed on it, used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components.<\/strong> The board itself performs no circuit function. It is the platform that holds the parts and wires them together in a pattern that repeats exactly on every unit you build.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">If you want the fabrication side of that story, we cover it step by step in <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/how-are-pcbs-made-step-by-step\/\">how printed circuit boards are made<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">The board does three jobs, and only the first one is obvious.<\/p>\n\n<ul style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px;\">\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><strong>Mechanical support.<\/strong> It holds every component in a fixed position through soldering, vibration, and drops. A connector that flexes on its pads will eventually crack its joints.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><strong>Electrical connection.<\/strong> Copper traces replace point-to-point wiring. Because they are etched from a single artwork, every board from a production run is wired identically.<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><strong>Field management.<\/strong> At modern edge rates a PCB does not just route electricity, it manages electromagnetic fields. Every trace behaves as an antenna, a capacitor, or an inductor whether you intended it to or not.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">That third job is where hardware teams get ambushed. A client of ours built an IoT environmental sensor and spent six months on firmware. The device reset every few hours on the bench. The software team rewrote memory handling three times before anyone looked at copper. A high-speed clock trace ran directly underneath the analog reference line, and the digital signal was coupling enough energy into that reference to trip the brown-out detector. The fix was moving one trace two millimetres to the left and adding a ground plane. Firmware was never the problem.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">Same circuit, three different foundations, three completely different outcomes:<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Foundation<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Good at<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">What it does to your circuit<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Verdict<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Breadboard<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Proving basic logic in minutes<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Adds parasitic capacitance that turns anything above roughly 1\u00a0MHz into mush<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Fine for teaching. Never trust its timing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Auto-routed PCB<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Connecting every net without thinking<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Ignores impedance and return paths entirely<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">A reliable way to fail EMC testing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Engineered PCB<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Surviving the real world<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Controls impedance, moves heat away from regulators, provides a solid ground reference<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">The only option for a product that ships<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<!-- [IMAGE 03] \u653e\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e09\u79cd\u57fa\u677f\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8868\u4e4b\u540e \/ \u9762\u5305\u677f\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u5e03\u7ebf\u677f\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u4f18\u5316\u677f\u4e09\u8054\u5b9e\u62cd\u5bf9\u6bd4 \/ alt=\"Breadboard, auto-routed PCB and engineered PCB compared side by side\" -->\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">PCB or PCBA? The distinction that costs money<\/h3>\n<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\">A <strong>PCB<\/strong> is the bare, unpopulated board. Once components are soldered onto it, the same board becomes a <strong>PCBA<\/strong>, a printed circuit board assembly. The two are quoted, sourced, and inspected as separate items, which is why mixing the terms up leads to wrong quotes and wrong orders rather than simple embarrassment.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">We once received a smart-lock design where the engineer had specified solder pads 0.2\u00a0mm smaller than the component pins, because he assumed a PCB arrived with parts already on it. The prototype batch came back un-solderable. Two weeks and roughly $3,000 went into boards that never worked. See <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/what-is-pcb-assembly\/\">what PCB assembly covers<\/a> if that boundary is fuzzy on your side too.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5efb785 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5efb785\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ddd4cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8ddd4cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/breadboard-auto-routed-vs-engineered-pcb-1024x641.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4178\" alt=\"Breadboard, auto-routed PCB and engineered PCB compared side by side\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/breadboard-auto-routed-vs-engineered-pcb-1024x641.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/breadboard-auto-routed-vs-engineered-pcb-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/breadboard-auto-routed-vs-engineered-pcb-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/breadboard-auto-routed-vs-engineered-pcb.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b4f54b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b4f54b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5be81d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5be81d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3800231 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3800231\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PCB Board Parts: The Two Families of Circuit Board Components<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c94aec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c94aec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9a24f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d9a24f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/circuit-board-components-same-scale-1024x641.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4179\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/circuit-board-components-same-scale-1024x641.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/circuit-board-components-same-scale-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/circuit-board-components-same-scale-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/circuit-board-components-same-scale.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9685ed7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9685ed7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e6a6eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e6a6eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29c428a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29c428a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>Passive components store or shape electrical energy without amplifying it. They are resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Active components need an external power source to switch, amplify, or process signals. They are diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.<\/strong> Almost every part on a board belongs to one of those two families, or to the electromechanical, protection, and sensing groups that support them.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px;\">There are hundreds of thousands of part numbers in distribution, but the practical list is short. Nearly everything on a board fits one of five categories:<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Category<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Energy behaviour<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Core job<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Typical parts<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Reference letters<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Passive<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Stores or releases energy, never adds net power<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Set currents and voltages, filter noise, provide timing<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Resistor, capacitor, inductor, ferrite bead, crystal<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">R, C, L, FB, Y<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Active<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Draws power and controls the flow of it<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Switch, amplify, process, and communicate signals<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Diode, transistor, MOSFET, integrated circuit<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">D, Q, U<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Electromechanical<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Converts electricity into motion or a physical connection<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Connect the board to cables, users, and other boards<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Connector, switch, relay, buzzer<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">J, P, SW, K, LS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Protection<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Diverts or interrupts current and voltage<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Survive overcurrent, surges, and static discharge<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Fuse, TVS diode, MOV, PTC<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">F, D, RV<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Sensing<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Converts a physical quantity into a signal<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\">Feed temperature, light, motion, or pressure data to the ICs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">If you need the broader taxonomy of board construction, <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/what-are-the-three-main-types-of-pcbs\/\" style=\"color:#0e7c3f;text-decoration:underline;\">the three main types of PCBs<\/a> is the companion read. This page stays on the parts themselves.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d242df8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d242df8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59d6b79 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59d6b79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c811643 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c811643\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Passive Components: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93eb753 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93eb753\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b3705 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"88b3705\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ccf969 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ccf969\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Passive parts cannot add energy to a signal and do not need a supply rail to work. Five of them cover almost everything you will meet.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Resistors (R)<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Limit current, divide voltage, and set bias points. Resistors outnumber every other part on most boards, because almost every circuit needs current limiting or a pull-up somewhere. Surface-mount resistors carry their value as a printed code rather than colour bands, and the formats are worth memorising:<\/p><ul style=\"margin:0 0 16px;padding-left:22px;\"><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\">Three-digit code on 5% parts: first two digits are the value, third is the number of zeros. <code style=\"background:#f2f4f3;padding:1px 5px;border-radius:3px;font-size:13px;\">103<\/code> = 10 &times; 10&sup3; &Omega; = 10&nbsp;k&Omega;<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\">Four-digit code on 1% precision parts: first three digits plus a multiplier. <code style=\"background:#f2f4f3;padding:1px 5px;border-radius:3px;font-size:13px;\">1002<\/code> = 100 &times; 10&sup2; &Omega; = 10&nbsp;k&Omega;<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\">EIA-96 code on 0603 and smaller: two digits plus a letter, read from a lookup table. <code style=\"background:#f2f4f3;padding:1px 5px;border-radius:3px;font-size:13px;\">01C<\/code> = 10&nbsp;k&Omega;<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\">The letter R marks the decimal point. <code style=\"background:#f2f4f3;padding:1px 5px;border-radius:3px;font-size:13px;\">4R7<\/code> = 4.7&nbsp;&Omega;<\/li><\/ul><!-- [IMAGE 05] \u653e\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7535\u963b\u7f16\u7801\u89c4\u5219\u5217\u8868\u4e4b\u540e \/ \u8d34\u7247\u7535\u963b\u4e1d\u5370\u5fae\u8ddd\uff0c\u80fd\u770b\u6e05 103 \u548c 1002 \u5b57\u6837 \/ alt=\"Macro photo of SMD resistor marking codes printed on the package\" -->\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8c6a2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8c6a2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0caab59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0caab59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/smd-resistor-marking-codes-macro-1024x641.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4181\" alt=\"Macro photo of SMD resistor marking codes printed on the package\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/smd-resistor-marking-codes-macro-1024x641.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/smd-resistor-marking-codes-macro-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/smd-resistor-marking-codes-macro-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/smd-resistor-marking-codes-macro.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f41650 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f41650\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-116fd8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"116fd8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Imperial package sizes in common use run 0201, 0402, 0603, 0805, 1206, and 2512. Watch the naming trap: datasheets frequently list 0402 as 1005, which is the same part described in metric dimensions.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\">Capacitors (C)<\/span><\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Store charge, pass AC, block DC, and keep noise off power pins. Three types dominate every board you will open:<\/span><\/p><ul style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px; font-size: 14px;\"><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>MLCC (ceramic)<\/strong><\/span> \u2014 unmarked tan or beige chips, non-polarised, and the bulk of what sits on a phone board. Values are usually not printed, so you read them from the BOM or measure them.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Tantalum<\/strong> <\/span>\u2014 moulded rectangular chips where the painted stripe marks the <strong>positive<\/strong> terminal.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Aluminium electrolytic<\/strong><\/span> \u2014 cylindrical cans where the stripe marks the <strong>negative<\/strong> terminal.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5fbac2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e5fbac2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3351f47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3351f47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/tantalum-vs-electrolytic-polarity-stripe-1024x641.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4182\" alt=\"Tantalum and electrolytic capacitors compared, showing polarity stripe direction\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/tantalum-vs-electrolytic-polarity-stripe-1024x641.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/tantalum-vs-electrolytic-polarity-stripe-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/tantalum-vs-electrolytic-polarity-stripe-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/tantalum-vs-electrolytic-polarity-stripe.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ed44e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ed44e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5ea457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5ea457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px; font-size: 14px;\"><p style=\"margin: 0;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Polarity is reversed between tantalum and electrolytic capacitors.<\/strong><\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reversing an electrolytic capacitor usually kills the capacitor. Reversing a tantalum capacitor can short it, overheat it, and set it on fire. If you remember one polarity rule from this page, make it that one. Reversing either type is one of the few mistakes that damages the board as well as the part.<\/span><\/p><\/div><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Inductors and ferrite beads (L, FB)<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Store energy in a magnetic field and resist sudden changes in current. Inductors run switch-mode supplies and DC-DC converters. Ferrite beads look like small chip resistors, are usually unmarked, and act as high-frequency filters on supply lines going to sensitive sections. Values use the same R-for-decimal rule: <code style=\"background: #f2f4f3; padding: 1px 5px; border-radius: 3px; font-size: 13px;\">4R7<\/code> = 4.7\u00a0\u00b5H.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Crystals and oscillators (Y, X)<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Provide the clock every processor needs. A silver metal can sitting near the main IC, often printed with a frequency such as 16.000, is a crystal.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Transformers<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Step voltage up or down and isolate one circuit from another. On a board, finding a transformer usually means mains or PoE power is being converted somewhere close by.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bc979b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bc979b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eed2d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9eed2d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5570700 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5570700\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Active Components: Diodes, Transistors, and Integrated Circuits<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11adab8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11adab8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09fbed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e09fbed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c4a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47c4a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Active parts draw power and shape a signal rather than merely passing it. This is also the family that produces the most expensive mistakes, because packages that look identical can behave completely differently.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Diodes (D)<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">A diode lets current flow one way and blocks it the other. Everything else in the family is a variation on that theme:<\/p><ul style=\"margin:0 0 16px;padding-left:22px;\"><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Rectifier diode<\/strong> &mdash; the workhorse of power supplies, marked with a cathode band on one end<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Schottky diode<\/strong> &mdash; lower forward drop (0.2&ndash;0.4&nbsp;V against 0.5&ndash;0.7&nbsp;V) and faster switching, used in switching supplies<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>Zener diode<\/strong> &mdash; runs in reverse breakdown to hold a steady reference voltage<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 8px;\"><strong>LED<\/strong> &mdash; emits light when forward biased, with the cathode marked by a flat edge, a green dot, or a shorter lead depending on package<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Here is what that costs when nobody checks. A medical-device client received 5,000 assembled power boards that caught fire the moment they were plugged in. Two days of teardown found the cause: the BOM listed a 1N4007 rectifier while the design needed a 12&nbsp;V Zener. Both parts are small black cylinders, and both carry the same reference designator, D. Nobody had read the part number printed on the body. Rework came to $25,000 and an FDA submission slipped six weeks.<\/p><div style=\"background:#fffbe9;border-left:4px solid #d9a400;padding:14px 16px;margin:0 0 18px;border-radius:3px;\"><p style=\"margin:0;\"><strong>The silkscreen tells you the component category. The marking printed on the component body tells you the part.<\/strong> Treating the first as proof of the second is the single most expensive habit in incoming inspection.<\/p><\/div><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Transistors and MOSFETs (Q)<\/h3><p style=\"margin:0 0 15px;\">Solid-state switches and amplifiers. MOSFETs handle power switching, so you find them at motor drives, charger outputs, and load switches. Small-signal transistors handle sensing and pre-amplification. Common packages are SOT-23 and SOT-223 for surface mount, TO-92 for low-power through-hole work, and TO-220 wherever a part needs a heatsink tab.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size:17px;line-height:1.45;font-weight:700;color:#12321f;margin:26px 0 8px;\">Integrated circuits (U, IC)<\/h3><div style=\"background:#fffbe9;border-left:4px solid #d9a400;padding:14px 16px;margin:0 0 18px;border-radius:3px;\"><p style=\"margin:0;\"><strong>An integrated circuit (IC) is a single package containing a complete electronic circuit, from a handful of transistors to several billion of them, that handles processing, memory, power management, or communication on a board.<\/strong> ICs are the highest-value and highest-risk line items on most BOMs, and the ones most likely to be single-sourced.<\/p><\/div><!-- [IMAGE 07] \u653e\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cIC pin 1 \u6bb5\u843d\u4e4b\u524d \/ QFN \u7684 pin-1 \u5706\u70b9 \u4e0e DIP \u7684\u534a\u5706\u7f3a\u53e3 \u4e24\u56fe\u5e76\u6392\uff0c\u5404\u753b\u7bad\u5934 \/ alt=\"QFN pin 1 laser dot and DIP notch orientation marks\" -->\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cb143f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6cb143f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d4ce3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"38d4ce3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/qfn-pin1-dot-vs-dip-notch-1024x641.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4183\" alt=\"QFN pin 1 laser dot and DIP notch orientation marks\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/qfn-pin1-dot-vs-dip-notch-1024x641.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/qfn-pin1-dot-vs-dip-notch-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/qfn-pin1-dot-vs-dip-notch-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/qfn-pin1-dot-vs-dip-notch.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3248769 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3248769\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fe7f74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fe7f74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Finding pin 1 matters more than anything else about an IC, because getting it wrong rotates the part and usually destroys it on power-up. On a QFN or QFP, look for a laser-etched dot in one corner or a chamfered edge. On a DIP or SOIC, look for the half-moon notch: hold the part with the notch pointing up and pin 1 is the first pin at the lower left. On a BGA, look for a corner triangle or index dot on the substrate.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Package families you will see named in drawings: SOIC, TSSOP, QFP, QFN, LGA, and BGA. You can browse<\/span> <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/pcb-fabrication\/\">the fabrication capabilities behind them<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">if you need to know which of those your supplier can actually place and inspect.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04b275b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"04b275b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba4c476 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba4c476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53f7f7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"53f7f7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Connectors, Switches, Protection, and Sensor Parts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5b857 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df5b857\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e709f82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e709f82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Interconnect and electromechanical parts<\/h3><p style=\"font-size: 14px; margin: 0 0 15px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These are the parts a person or a cable touches.<\/span><\/p><ul style=\"font-size: 14px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px;\"><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Connectors (J, P)<\/strong> \u2014 USB ports, pin headers, board-to-board stacks, terminal blocks, RF connectors<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Switches (SW)<\/strong> \u2014 tactile buttons, slide switches, DIP switches used for configuration<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Relays (K)<\/strong> \u2014 electrically operated switches that let a low-power circuit control a high-power load with isolation between the two<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Buzzers, speakers, motors, fans (LS)<\/strong> \u2014 parts that turn electricity into sound or motion<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"font-size: 14px; margin: 0 0 15px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Connectors absorb the mechanical abuse on most products, which is why they often stay through-hole even on a fully surface-mount board. A USB port soldered only to surface pads will eventually lift its pads off the laminate, and no amount of solder mask will prevent it.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Protection parts<\/h3><p style=\"font-size: 14px; margin: 0 0 15px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These exist so that nothing else has to fail.<\/span><\/p><ul style=\"font-size: 14px; margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px;\"><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Fuses (F)<\/strong> \u2014 melt or trip when current exceeds a safe level. PTC resettable versions recover once the fault clears and the part cools.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TVS diodes<\/strong> \u2014 clamp fast voltage spikes such as an ESD event on a connector shell<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>MOVs (RV)<\/strong> \u2014 absorb surge energy on mains-powered inputs<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Sensors<\/h3><p style=\"font-size: 14px; margin: 0 0 15px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Any board that meets the physical world carries sensors: thermistors and RTDs for temperature, accelerometers and gyroscopes for motion, Hall-effect parts for magnetic position, photodiodes for light, and pressure or humidity sensors. Each one converts a physical quantity into a voltage or a digital word the ICs can read.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"font-size: 14px; margin: 0 0 15px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Robotics and high-density designs push this group hardest. If that is your world,<\/span> <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/high-density-interconnect-hdi-for-robotics\/\">HDI for robotics assemblies<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">picks up the layout consequences.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec56845 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec56845\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fbbac1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2fbbac1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59a1272 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59a1272\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reference Designators: The Letters Printed on Every Circuit Board<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ebb4e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ebb4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e3da19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e3da19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px; font-size: 14px;\"><p style=\"margin: 0;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A reference designator (ref des) is the short alphanumeric code printed on the silkscreen next to a component that identifies its type and its instance in the design, such as R12 for a resistor or U3 for an integrated circuit.<\/strong> The letter gives the category. The number ties the physical part to its schematic symbol and its line in the bill of materials.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The prefixes follow long-standing industry convention, though every company library varies a little at the edges. Learn this table and you can read the majority of any board you pick up:<\/span><\/p><p><!-- [IMAGE 08] \u653e\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4f4d\u53f7\u8868\u4e0a\u65b9 \/ \u4e1d\u5370\u5fae\u8ddd\uff0c\u540c\u6846\u51fa\u73b0 R12 \/ C3 \/ U1 \u4e09\u4e2a\u4f4d\u53f7\uff0c\u5708\u51fa\u6765 \/ alt=\"Silkscreen reference designators R12, C3 and U1 printed on a circuit board\" --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10db35b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10db35b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2232db8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2232db8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-silkscreen-reference-designators-r12-c3-u1-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4184\" alt=\"Silkscreen reference designators R12, C3 and U1 printed on a circuit board\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-silkscreen-reference-designators-r12-c3-u1-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-silkscreen-reference-designators-r12-c3-u1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-silkscreen-reference-designators-r12-c3-u1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/pcb-silkscreen-reference-designators-r12-c3-u1.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63c4e17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63c4e17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad43b9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad43b9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Ref des<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Component<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">How to spot it on the board<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Sourcing risk<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">R<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Resistor<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Small rectangular chip, often black, with a printed code. Leaded parts have colour bands<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Low. Many second sources<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Capacitor<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Unmarked tan or grey chip (ceramic); cylinder or moulded block with a stripe (electrolytic, tantalum)<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Low for ceramics. Medium for high-voltage or automotive grades<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">L<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Inductor<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Square or round moulded block, sometimes with visible winding<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Medium. Footprint and saturation current limit alternatives<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">FB<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ferrite bead<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Looks like a chip resistor or capacitor, usually unmarked<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Low to medium<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Diode, LED<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Two-terminal part with a cathode band or a marked end<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Low for generic parts. Medium for TVS and specialised diodes<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Q<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Transistor, MOSFET<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Three-lead SOT-23, or a larger package with a metal tab for heat<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Medium. Check pinout before substituting<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">U, IC<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Integrated circuit<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Multi-pin package with a pin-1 dot or notch, usually the largest part on the board<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">High. Often single-source with the longest lead times<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">J, P<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Connector<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Anything with a hole, pin, or socket, usually at the board edge<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Medium. Gender, pitch, and pin count must match exactly<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">SW<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Switch<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Button or sliding mechanism<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Low<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">F<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fuse<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Small glass or ceramic cylinder, or a chip labelled with an amp rating<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Low<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Y, X<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Crystal, oscillator<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Silver metal can near the main processor<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Medium<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TP<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Test point<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Small labelled pad intended for a probe<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">None<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">With the silkscreen intact, the ref des plus the package shape narrows almost any part to a handful of candidates. The part number printed on the body finishes the job.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f546510 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f546510\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dcb4bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6dcb4bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b41eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d0b41eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Identify a Circuit Board Component When the Silkscreen Is Gone<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dde92f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9dde92f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf36e97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf36e97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Worn, scratched, or simply absent silkscreen is the normal condition on older boards, and it is where most people give up. Three tools, used in order, resolve the large majority of cases.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">1. Work out what the package can be<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Package size and pin count cut the search space fast. Two pins means a resistor, capacitor, inductor, or diode. Three leads narrows to a transistor, a regulator, or a small diode array. Eight to 64 pins is an IC. A large multi-row package with a metal tab is power electronics. Shape and pin count rarely give you the exact part, but they eliminate most of the field.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">2. Read the marking on the body<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Genuine components almost always carry something. Resistors have their numeric code. Capacitors carry capacitance and voltage, or nothing at all if they are ceramic. ICs carry a full part number plus a date or batch code, which is also how you spot re-marked stock. For 0402 and smaller you need magnification, and a $15 loupe is enough to work with.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">3. Test it with a multimeter<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is what separates a guess from an answer.<\/span><\/p><ul style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Resistor.<\/strong> Set the meter to resistance and probe across the part. If the reading sits outside the expected tolerance band, the resistor has failed open. In-circuit readings run low because of parallel paths, so desolder one lead before you trust the number.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Diode or PN junction.<\/strong> Use diode test mode with the red lead on the anode. A healthy silicon junction reads 0.5\u20130.7\u00a0V forward, or 0.2\u20130.4\u00a0V for a Schottky. Reverse the probes and it should read OL, open loop.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Ceramic capacitor.<\/strong> Switch to continuity and probe across the terminals. A continuous beep or a near-zero reading means the dielectric has broken down and the part is shorted to ground. Note that a healthy MLCC also reads close to a short in circuit, so compare against an identical part on the same board before condemning it.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><!-- [IMAGE 09] \u653e\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e07\u7528\u8868\u4e09\u6b65\u4e4b\u540e \/ \u4e07\u7528\u8868\u4e8c\u6781\u7ba1\u6863\u6d4b PN \u7ed3\u5b9e\u62cd\uff0c\u7ea2\u9ed1\u8868\u7b14\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6e05\u695a\u53ef\u89c1 \/ alt=\"Multimeter in diode test mode measuring a PN junction on a PCB\" --><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">Spotting counterfeit or refurbished parts<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The first warning is a marking that looks slightly faded, uneven, or blurred under magnification. Others include a package colour that does not match the datasheet photo, pins that are rough or bent, and part numbers that do not appear in the manufacturer\u2019s own documentation. Sanded and re-printed markings are common on refurbished stock, and at arm\u2019s length they look almost right, which is exactly the problem.<\/span><\/p><div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\"><p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>If a component is priced 50% below the authorised distributor, treat it as counterfeit until it is proven otherwise.<\/strong> That threshold is not a guess. Legitimate excess and broker stock exists, but the discount is usually a few percent, not half. The moment the price stops making sense, the paperwork usually stops surviving an audit.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5f24a6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5f24a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-871d3e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"871d3e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-808a489 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"808a489\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">SMD vs Through-Hole: Two Ways Circuit Board Components Attach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9bf05d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9bf05d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d52d348 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d52d348\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\"><p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Surface-mount devices (SMD) are soldered directly onto copper pads on the board surface. Through-hole (THT) components have leads that pass through drilled holes and are soldered on the opposite side.<\/strong> Most modern boards use both, choosing per part rather than per product.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Factor<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">SMD (surface mount)<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Through-hole (THT)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Size<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Down to 01005, or 0.4 \u00d7 0.2\u00a0mm<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Larger and much easier to handle<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Assembly<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pick-and-place machine plus reflow oven<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Manual, wave, or selective soldering<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cost at volume<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Low. Fully automated<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Higher. More labour content per joint<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mechanical strength<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Solder joints only, and they can crack under stress<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Leads clamped through the board, very robust<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hand repair<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Difficult. Needs hot air and magnification<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Easy with an iron<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Typical use<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Phones, laptops, high-volume electronics<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Connectors, power parts, industrial boards<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><!-- [IMAGE 11] \u653e\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff08\u53ef\u9009\uff09\uff0cSMD vs \u901a\u5b54\u8868\u4e4b\u540e \/ \u540c\u4e00\u5757\u677f\u4e0a SMD \u4e0e\u901a\u5b54\u5143\u4ef6\u5e76\u5b58\u7279\u5199\uff0c\u5404\u6307\u4e00\u5904 \/ alt=\"Surface-mount and through-hole components on the same circuit board\" --><\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The rule of thumb: SMD wherever density and cost matter, through-hole wherever a part takes mechanical load or needs to be replaced in the field. A board that mixes both deliberately is usually the sign of a team that has built something before.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77961fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77961fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5713586 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5713586\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616674e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"616674e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Is the Most Common PCB Material?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22f605 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b22f605\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-224f818 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"224f818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"background: #fffbe9; border-left: 4px solid #d9a400; padding: 14px 16px; margin: 0 0 18px; border-radius: 3px;\"><p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>FR-4 is the most common PCB material: a woven fibreglass fabric bonded with epoxy resin, laminated into sheets and clad with copper foil.<\/strong> Industry estimates put FR-4 at roughly 85% of global PCB production. It is not the best material at anything in particular. It has the best average at everything that decides whether your build ships.<\/span><\/p><\/div><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Every fabricator on the planet is set up to drill, plate, and etch FR-4. They know its quirks. Switch to something less common and you buy longer lead times, higher setup charges, and more room for process error, usually without a benefit your design can actually use.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">The one specification worth understanding: Tg<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tg is the glass transition temperature, the point where the resin softens and the laminate starts to move. Standard FR-4 sits around 130\u2013140\u00a0\u00b0C. High-Tg FR-4 pushes past 150\u00a0\u00b0C, and it is what you want if the board sees sustained heat, repeated reflow cycles, or a hot lead-free profile. If your design runs hot, the answer is almost always high-Tg FR-4 rather than a different material family.<\/span><\/p><p><!-- [IMAGE 10] \u653e\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cTg \u8bf4\u660e\u4e4b\u540e \/ FR-4 \u4e09\u5c42\u793a\u610f\uff1a\u73bb\u7ea4\u5e03 + \u73af\u6c27\u6811\u8102 + \u94dc\u7b94\uff0c\u53ef\u6e32\u67d3\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5b9e\u62cd \/ alt=\"Diagram of FR-4 laminate showing woven glass, epoxy resin and copper foil\" --><\/p><div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 0 0 22px;\"><table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px;\"><thead><tr><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Material<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Typical use<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Relative cost, 1.6\u00a0mm two-layer<\/th><th style=\"background: #eef4f0; border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.55; color: #0d3b22; vertical-align: top;\">Watch out for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Standard FR-4<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consumer electronics, IoT, industrial controls<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Low<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Weak signal performance above roughly 10\u00a0GHz<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">High-Tg FR-4<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Boards with sustained heat or lead-free reflow<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Slightly higher<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Confirm availability at your fabricator before layout<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Halogen-free FR-4<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Products sold into EU and US environmental mandates<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Slightly higher<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Fewer sources. Insist on a certified grade<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">CEM-1<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cheap single-sided consumer boards<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lowest<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Not suitable for multilayer. Weak mechanically<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Aluminium MCPCB<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">LED lighting, high-power supplies<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Medium to high<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Simple layer counts only<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rogers, PTFE<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5G mmWave, RF, aerospace<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Highest<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Only worth the cost above roughly 10\u00a0GHz<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Polyimide (flex)<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wearables, cameras, medical catheters<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Medium to high<\/span><\/td><td style=\"border: 1px solid #d5e2d9; padding: 10px 12px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; vertical-align: top;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Needs flex-specific DFM rules from the start<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We see the opposite mistake just as often: paying for performance nobody asked for. A startup founder burned about $12,000 on prototypes built on aerospace-grade high-frequency laminate for a smart garden sensor that talks over 2.4\u00a0GHz Wi-Fi. Standard FR-4 would have done the job for a fraction of the cost and shipped two weeks sooner.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Leave the FR-4 family when, and only when, you have a requirement it genuinely cannot meet: mmWave above 10\u00a0GHz with a tight dielectric tolerance, extreme thermal loads, repeated flexing, or radiation and biocompatibility requirements. For flexible designs,<\/span> <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/exploring-flexible-circuits\/\">flexible circuit boards<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">are a different engineering problem, not a material swap. Everything else is FR-4, and high-Tg FR-4 if it runs hot.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b48b72c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b48b72c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cd09ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6cd09ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-612a2b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"612a2b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to Choose Circuit Board Components That Won\u2019t Stall Your Build<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b8037 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55b8037\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342c743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"342c743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Value, package, voltage rating, and current rating are the checks everyone makes. These five are the ones that turn into money and schedule.<\/span><\/p><ul style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 22px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Temperature rating.<\/strong> <\/span>Consumer parts are typically rated to 85\u00a0\u00b0C. Industrial designs often need 105\u00a0\u00b0C or 125\u00a0\u00b0C parts. A capacitor that measures perfectly on the bench can dry out inside an enclosure that soaks at 90\u00a0\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Availability and lifecycle.<\/strong> <\/span>A perfect part that is end-of-life, or on a 26-week lead time, will stall an entire build. Check availability before you finish the layout, not after.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Second sources.<\/strong><\/span> An approved alternate for every critical line is what protects you the week your primary part goes on allocation.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Footprint compatibility.<\/strong><\/span> If two suppliers\u2019 supposedly identical parts have different recommended pad geometries, a late swap can cause tombstoning or poor joints during reflow.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Compliance.<\/strong><\/span> Most markets require RoHS-compliant parts. Automotive and medical designs add their own qualification lists on top, and those lists are not negotiable after the fact.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Getting the parts list right is half the job. Sourcing every line item on time is the other half, and it is the reason the BOM should reach your assembly partner at quotation stage rather than after the design is frozen. If supplier selection is on your list too,<\/span> <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/how-to-choose-a-pcba-manufacturer\/\">how to choose a PCBA manufacturer<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">covers the audits worth running.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8f1180 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8f1180\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a68ad0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a68ad0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-653b56e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"653b56e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85900ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"85900ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae3e93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ae3e93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09c2158 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09c2158\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">1. What are the parts of a circuit board called?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">The parts of a circuit board are split into two groups. Board features \u2014 substrate, copper traces, pads, vias, solder mask, silkscreen, and surface finish \u2014 are built into the bare board during fabrication. Circuit board components \u2014 resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, ICs, connectors, and protection parts \u2014 are soldered onto the surface during assembly.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">2. What are PCB board parts?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">PCB board parts are the electronic components mounted and soldered onto a printed circuit board to make it function. The term covers passive parts (resistors, capacitors, inductors), active parts (diodes, transistors, ICs), electromechanical parts (connectors, switches, relays), protection parts (fuses, TVS diodes), and sensors.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">3. Is &#8220;PCB board parts&#8221; the same as &#8220;circuit board components&#8221;?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">Yes. PCB components, PCB parts, circuit board components, and electronic components all refer to the parts mounted on a printed circuit board. None of them includes the bare board itself, which is a separate item made by the PCB fabricator and quoted separately from assembly.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">4. What does a PCB board actually do?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">A PCB does three jobs. It mechanically supports every component in a fixed position, it electrically connects them through etched copper traces instead of hand wiring, and it manages heat and electromagnetic behaviour so that high-speed signals survive contact with the physical world. The components do the electrical work. The board is what makes that work repeatable across thousands of units.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">5. What is the most common PCB material?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">FR-4, a woven fibreglass and epoxy laminate, used in roughly 85% of global PCB production by industry estimate. It is inexpensive, every fabricator knows how to process it, and it is good enough for almost every design that does not involve mmWave frequencies, extreme heat, or repeated flexing. High-Tg FR-4 covers most designs that run hot.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">6. What is the most common component on a PCB?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">Resistors. Almost every circuit needs current limiting, voltage division, or a pull-up somewhere, so resistors appear in larger numbers than any other part. Capacitors are a close second, mostly decoupling the power pins of ICs.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">7. What is a reference designator on a PCB?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">A reference designator is the alphanumeric label printed on the silkscreen next to each component, such as R101, C202, or U1. It links the physical part to its schematic symbol and its line in the bill of materials. The letter indicates the component type and the number identifies that specific instance on that specific board.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">8. How do I identify a component if the silkscreen is worn off?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">Work through three tools in order. First, package size and pin count, which eliminates most of the field. Second, the marking printed on the body, read under magnification if necessary. Third, a multimeter: diode test mode separates diodes and transistors from other three-lead parts, resistance testing identifies resistors, and continuity catches ceramic capacitors that have shorted. If the marking is unreadable, photograph the part and send it to your manufacturer with the BOM.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">9. What is the difference between SMD and through-hole components?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">SMD parts solder flat onto copper pads on the board surface and are placed by automated machines, which makes them small and cheap at volume but harder to repair by hand. Through-hole parts have leads that pass through drilled holes and are soldered on the opposite side, which makes them larger and far more mechanically robust. That is why connectors and power parts often stay through-hole even on an otherwise surface-mount board.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">10. Can I tell whether a component is counterfeit?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">Look for markings that are faded, uneven, or slightly blurry under magnification, package colours that do not match the datasheet, pins that are rough or bent, and part numbers that do not appear in the manufacturer\u2019s own documentation. Refurbished parts often have sanded and re-printed markings. As a working rule, a price 50% below the authorised distributor is not a bargain.<\/p><h3 style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: bold; color: #12321f; margin: 26px 0 8px;\">11. Do PCB components wear out?<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\">Yes. Electrolytic capacitors are usually first, because heat dries out the electrolyte, so their life is measured in thousands of hours at rated temperature rather than a fixed number of years. Connectors wear out from mating cycles, relays from switching cycles, and semiconductors degrade slowly under sustained heat and electrical stress. Thermal margin extends component life more than any other single design decision.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcf1341 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dcf1341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20c1a90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20c1a90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3720c15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3720c15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Get the Parts List Checked Before You Build<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca6b38b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca6b38b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed3d134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed3d134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If a component on your board is unidentified, or your BOM has not been reviewed against the design, that is the cheapest thing to fix and the most expensive thing to discover later. Send us your Gerbers, BOM, and a photo of anything uncertain, and our engineering team will run the review alongside your quote.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/contact-us\/\">Start a PCB or PCBA quote<\/a> \u00a0\u00b7\u00a0 <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/certifications\/\">Capabilities and certifications<\/a> \u00a0\u00b7\u00a0 <a style=\"color: #0e7c3f; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/pcb-fabrication\/\">PCB fabrication services<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">JKRGLO is a one-stop PCB and PCBA manufacturer operating since 2012, combining PCB fabrication, component sourcing, and assembly under one roof.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a446a0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a446a0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b63dd91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b63dd91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f592480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f592480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About US<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5dd9e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b5dd9e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d2aab8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d2aab8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a5de8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a5de8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\">Founded in 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/about-us\/\"><strong>JKRGLO<\/strong><\/a> strives to build a one-stop platform for the electronic industry chain. By integrating PCB manufacturing, component procurement and PCB assembly services, we enable digital PCBA processing. With increasing investment in innovation and digital systems, we have achieved rapid growth and emerged as a leading PCB and PCBA manufacturer in the industry, capable of rapidly producing high-reliability and cost-effective products.<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/about-us\/\"><strong>About US<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a93e228 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a93e228\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1914e57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1914e57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36ac484 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36ac484\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\">\n<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\">\n<h3><strong>You may also be interested in&#8230;<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-992e804 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"992e804\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b1949f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b1949f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc9e307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc9e307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/how-are-pcbs-made-step-by-step\/\">&gt;how printed circuit boards are made<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c337953 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c337953\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de2cd68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de2cd68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/what-is-pcb-assembly\/\">&gt;What PCB assembly covers<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e7ba75 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e7ba75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33a0b64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33a0b64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/what-are-the-three-main-types-of-pcbs\/\">&gt;The three main types of PCBs<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06f266a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"06f266a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdea6d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdea6d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/high-density-interconnect-hdi-for-robotics\/\">&gt;HDI for robotics assemblies<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb631a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccb631a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-974c81f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"974c81f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a89fd1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a89fd1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u672a\u6807\u9898-9.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3757\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u672a\u6807\u9898-9.jpg 400w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u672a\u6807\u9898-9-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u672a\u6807\u9898-9-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba143a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba143a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-122b40c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"122b40c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7523c7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7523c7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About the Author<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-615827b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"615827b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af5d9f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af5d9f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew Zhan &#8211;\u00a0 R&amp;D Engineer at JKRGLO.com<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eb8489 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3eb8489\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c2e1c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c2e1c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With over 14 years of R&amp;D engineering experience in the PCB industry, Andrew Zhan brings deep expertise in circuit design optimization and DFM implementation. He focuses on translating complex design requirements into production-ready solutions, driving technical innovation for both prototype and mass production.<br \/>Working closely with cross-functional teams and clients, he ensures rigorous quality validation and seamless technical communication across the full project lifecycle. Andrew is committed to delivering reliable, high-performance PCB solutions that consistently exceed customer expectations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e9ae48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47e9ae48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:93,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40c24d4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"40c24d4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23b92067 elementor-toc--content-ellipsis elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"23b92067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;\\u5728\\u6b64\\u9875\\u9762\\u4e0a\\u627e\\u4e0d\\u5230\\u6807\\u9898\\u3002&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;collapse_subitems&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:205,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; 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Contact Us:\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f4509c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f4509c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><a style=\"color: #800000; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"mailto:wm-sale03@jkr.net.cn\">wm-sale03@jkr.net.cn<\/a><br \/><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8418855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8418855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d749c5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d749c5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Need a PCB or PCBA quote?\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f68e762 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f68e762\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/contact-us\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Quote now<\/span><br \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d825878 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d825878\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c516e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c516e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e713b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13e713b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16fd48e elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16fd48e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Tag:<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8078688 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8078688\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f34dcff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f34dcff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"_inAfterOutline_false_w9nx7-ko_ ___SBox_w9nx7-ko_ ___SText_1xzws-ko_\" data-ui-name=\"Link.Text\">best pcb manufacturers<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cf2048 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6cf2048\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57c959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57c959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">PCBA<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cf9ab7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cf9ab7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29b3c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29b3c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"_inAfterOutline_false_w9nx7-ko_ ___SBox_w9nx7-ko_ ___SText_1xzws-ko_\" data-ui-name=\"Link.Text\">PCB<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7174afd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7174afd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d694a09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d694a09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">circuit board components<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-457a0ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"457a0ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d28f16d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d28f16d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">PCB components<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Circuit Board Components: What Every PCB Part Is Called and How to Identify It Facebook X-twitter Youtube Opening Introduction Every [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4046,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4011","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pcbpcba"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Circuit Board Components: Types, Functions &amp; ID Guide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Circuit board components explained: passive vs active parts, reference designators, identifying a PCB part with no silkscreen, and why FR-4 dominates.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/de\/pcb-board-parts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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