{"id":3228,"date":"2026-07-28T13:18:56","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T05:18:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/?p=3228"},"modified":"2026-07-28T16:30:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T08:30:10","slug":"what-is-an-in-circuit-test-ict","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/de\/what-is-an-in-circuit-test-ict\/","title":{"rendered":"What is an In-Circuit Test (ICT)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3228\" class=\"elementor elementor-3228\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2197b92e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2197b92e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d9be44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63d9be44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23e7bd4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"23e7bd4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/\">HOME<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a9843c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"24a9843c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d8692ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d8692ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1558e31d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1558e31d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750f0992 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"750f0992\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is an In-Circuit Test (ICT)? The Gatekeeper of PCBA Quality<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f148d1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f148d1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1572d357 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1572d357\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-573558fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"573558fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-c9d822a elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJKRGLO R&amp;D Engineer\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-2bae3db elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>07\/28\/2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-5a82ee1 elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-clock\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm0 448c-110.5 0-200-89.5-200-200S145.5 56 256 56s200 89.5 200 200-89.5 200-200 200zm61.8-104.4l-84.9-61.7c-3.1-2.3-4.9-5.9-4.9-9.7V116c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h32c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v141.7l66.8 48.6c5.4 3.9 6.5 11.4 2.6 16.8L334.6 349c-3.9 5.3-11.4 6.5-16.8 2.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-time\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>1:18 p.m.<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e44a8ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e44a8ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26267fc8 elementor-shape-rounded elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"26267fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-6542af0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6542af0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fc5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2fc5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opening Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e96cc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e96cc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0176ae0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0176ae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69ac48d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69ac48d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">When building thousands of complex circuit boards every day, visual inspection alone isn&#8217;t enough. <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/what-is-aoi-in-pcb\/\"><strong>An Optical Inspection system<\/strong><\/a> (AOI) can confirm that a resistor looks like it is soldered correctly, but it cannot tell you if that resistor is actually 10k ohms or if an internal silicon die inside an IC was damaged by static electricity.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43eaeb8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"43eaeb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1201fc4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1201fc4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b459ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b459ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\"><div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\"><div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-L3svfiuD9d2RCGcx9CNcDDTHnWg\"><div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-VkUyfycdcdE9Kxcu9CPckECQnwx\"><div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-DzIBfIYNBdV2Xbcm5n9chhTQn0f\"><div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-Be7SfKy2BdKiQCc05SccCZbpnpd\"><div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-XwolfN9BwdQkVac1PGyc0AGInug\"><div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-Z53vfHMOpdfiHlcvH4dcsFehnpf\"><div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FUWDfndG2d0EoCck2f5c1QFGnlf\"><div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CfzhfPqKqdXTfScErXYczoZ3nFf\"><div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-MrUZfh8cMdm4dKcYveBcnRxSnBb\"><div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Jh2HfqkOTdCoE2cn65acEGxLnGd\"><div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G8mifJRh6dJvwrcVRfacVXQAnPd\"><div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G8mifJRh6dJvwrcVRfacVXQAnPd\"><div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G4JgfcEBPdn0QVcvNvrcoCxxnTf\"><div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-EIwcfubAzdhI0GcLnddc78Rcn7d\"><div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-EIwcfubAzdhI0GcLnddc78Rcn7d\"><div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-P9JCfUTPbdoQOAcPA0bcmeV9nOC\"><div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WxPsfZuFUdgHSmcexwrcEyRln0z\"><div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-I5YDfJbCfdC3EQcAc3ec8aEQnQg\"><div data-page-id=\"XRQGd3IRJoLgTMxji6mcOJjIngd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-TjShf9Z5sdIceDcuhuecTypcnnc\"><div data-page-id=\"NSdodkSrZox8aZxlOCWc3f2lnTd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn5z8ZbJNThuXks1BJ3S5ivg\">To verify electrical integrity before boards leave the factory floor, high-volume electronics manufacturers rely on <b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"116\">In-Circuit Testing (ICT)<\/b>.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb63606 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb63606\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5f431d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5f431d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e484fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e484fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Often called the &#8220;bed of nails&#8221; test, ICT is considered the gold standard for high-volume quality assurance in <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/pcb-assembly\/\"><strong>Printed Circuit Board Assembly<\/strong><\/a> (PCBA). Let\u2019s dive into what an In-Circuit Test is, how it works, what it checks, and whether your hardware project needs it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-612753f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"612753f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13b0342 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13b0342\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ee100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d6ee100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is an In-Circuit Test (ICT)?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d341c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d341c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e57dedd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e57dedd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/In-Circuit-Tester-1-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3234\" alt=\"In-Circuit Tester\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/In-Circuit-Tester-1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/In-Circuit-Tester-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/In-Circuit-Tester-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/In-Circuit-Tester-1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/In-Circuit-Tester-1.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd2322f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd2322f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fe3df1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2fe3df1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd0478e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd0478e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\"><div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\" old-record-id-CLbDfI5sWd2Pa8cYzsKcmwa2ngf\"><div data-page-id=\"JBZ5dy2BJoHK00xXZ9DcTqasnQ7\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SdVtfZI05ddKGCcv4ADcOBfjnsd\"><div data-page-id=\"Wxr4dxqU1oxOjexTBkycBsRAn65\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SMe1fotNqd6koNcXZqvcuHsgnpc\"><div data-page-id=\"GghpduTiPoktcqxMTrYcJU7MnNY\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NVatf10TMdLonpc9teVcN6imnJe\"><div data-page-id=\"KEWpdkHUkol1tUx5BN4cfumGnvg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BBYCf6aRwd9ZJJcxkdhcsYiDnAg\"><div data-page-id=\"XXTQd2OY4omOTWxtDHicQAOfnch\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZROrf8LGQdI0P6cMBNQcFSJjnYe\"><div data-page-id=\"VKhrdeyfJoJFMzx2XXWc6RFgnIb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JhjNfcT5ud4b80cs6iecvPHkntf\"><div data-page-id=\"UNjMdTIfJobLnexY5cDcHnkFnXg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U87BfUGpcdO1pqc3CbHcpNV8nuh\"><div data-page-id=\"UfftdQNXaoyG9OxAptacvgdBnod\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4JKfu7Y1diqHhcMt9UcIFopnsS\"><div data-page-id=\"UTVxd9ktIo5JVZxpRGacvFs9nHf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9TPfY21gdd7avcskYKcTrxxnPb\"><div data-page-id=\"SFXLdvemyoMEfKxHLRjcaki0nih\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YLDzf5tHEdzUI0c6kBXcwdJWn1d\"><div data-page-id=\"TxoWdjQqwoJAjbxVNHocpN9Endx\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OKOkfGfONd7PfUcnOLUcnqWmnxd\"><div data-page-id=\"Lqg5dPJvAoady9xIMNBccIEPnkb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SRdxfFXoqdXCYdcUB1JcZGVWnLB\"><div data-page-id=\"Y5shdRtiRohuDpx9j2EcOyTjn2b\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C2JUfvxBwdFHaGcEOQoca9eXn1b\"><div data-page-id=\"FTK0dn2xOoWGtTxFfStcH8Mwnwc\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QPWJfGMQMdjr8Acu6YjcCqStnEf\"><div data-page-id=\"KfiYdmhy7oaoDfxckTZcvkEGnFb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-S8XcfB9eldMJLAcE9XUccb80nhg\"><div data-page-id=\"JuT0dkHDpoPyZIxwobpc711Nndh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DLuafSf2vdycBKcAUF4cNp54nhd\"><div data-page-id=\"HFHjdQtszoAzwLxaGS1ceXfAn6e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UkFHfI1kqd9aiYcVQSScSoNGn1b\"><div data-page-id=\"FpRbdsDEgoYJyAxgOrLctC3Bn3f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C9q7fl7rgd3c3IcJw7VcstYanqg\"><div data-page-id=\"XRQGd3IRJoLgTMxji6mcOJjIngd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SAunfjzjRdgaZgcV7k0cvQN9nah\"><div data-page-id=\"NSdodkSrZox8aZxlOCWc3f2lnTd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcndzELlYLheHbHOhrPpkZaSe\">An <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"3\">In-Circuit Test (ICT)<\/b><\/span> is an automated electrical testing method used in PCB assembly to check individual components and net connections on a fully populated circuit board.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e5f37 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51e5f37\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a82bed0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a82bed0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b33333 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b33333\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Instead of powering up the entire board to see if the overall system boots (which is known as <i data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"94\">Functional Testing<\/i> or <i data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"116\">FCT<\/i>), ICT uses a customized bed of spring-loaded pogo pins to press against dedicated test points on the PCB. It isolates and measures every component\u2014resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and integrated circuits\u2014one by one.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fe1168 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fe1168\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b616d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b616d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbee915 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fbee915\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The key word here is <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"21\">In-Circuit<\/b><\/span>. Through a technique called <i data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"60\">guarding<\/i>, the ICT system electronically insulates neighboring components so it can measure a single 100nF capacitor embedded deep within a complex schematic without interference from parallel circuit paths.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed292ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ed292ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c57852 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8c57852\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9af5665 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9af5665\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How an ICT System Works: The \"Bed of Nails\"<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ace09a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ace09a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d2ad9e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d2ad9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3f8136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3f8136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"NSdodkSrZox8aZxlOCWc3f2lnTd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn3vAesXv9mQ5wbVOIKnyJGh\">The physical setup of a traditional ICT system consists of three main components: the test system (the analyzer), the test software, and the <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"141\">custom test fixture<\/b>.<\/span><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ac80de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ac80de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e72a1e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e72a1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e706bf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e706bf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Here is the physical sequence of how a PCB undergoes an In-Circuit Test on the production line:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-808f3b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"808f3b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c46803 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6c46803\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef8859 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ef8859\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sequence-event ng-star-inserted\"><div class=\"sequence-event-content\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-content\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><span class=\"only-show-to-message-actions\" style=\"color: #800000;\" data-test-id=\"sequence-export-header\"><strong>1. Board Insertion &amp; Fixture Loading:<\/strong><\/span><\/div><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><em><span class=\"only-show-to-message-actions\" data-test-id=\"sequence-export-header\">Alignment &amp; Mechanical Clamping.<\/span><\/em><\/div><\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><p class=\"ng-star-inserted\">The assembled PCB is placed onto the custom ICT fixture (often called the &#8220;bed of nails&#8221;). The fixture contains hundreds or thousands of spring-loaded metal pogo pins positioned to match the exact X\/Y coordinates of the test pads designed on the bottom layer of the board.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30701a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b30701a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac2994c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac2994c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c18dfc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c18dfc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sequence-event-content\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><span class=\"only-show-to-message-actions\" style=\"color: #800000;\" data-test-id=\"sequence-export-header\"><strong>2. Pressing and Pin Engagement:<\/strong><\/span><\/div><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><em><span class=\"only-show-to-message-actions\" data-test-id=\"sequence-export-header\">Vacuum or Pneumatic Actuation.<\/span><\/em><\/div><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><p class=\"ng-star-inserted\">A vacuum suction lid or pneumatic top plate presses down on the PCB. This forces every test point pad firmly against its corresponding spring-loaded pogo pin, establishing a clean, low-resistance electrical contact.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-747eccf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"747eccf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a58dd8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a58dd8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0fd796 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0fd796\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><span class=\"only-show-to-message-actions\" style=\"color: #800000;\" data-test-id=\"sequence-export-header\"><strong>3. Automated Electrical Scan:<\/strong><\/span><\/div><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><em><span class=\"only-show-to-message-actions\" data-test-id=\"sequence-export-header\">Passive &amp; Active Measurements.<\/span><\/em><\/div><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><p class=\"ng-star-inserted\">The ICT system executes a pre-programmed test script in seconds. Matrix switches rapidly route signals through the pins to measure passive values (resistance, capacitance, inductance), verify diode junctions, test for short circuits, and check power rail voltages.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4507341 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4507341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ab0ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96ab0ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6586bdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6586bdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><span class=\"only-show-to-message-actions\" style=\"color: #800000;\" data-test-id=\"sequence-export-header\"><strong>4. Pass\/Fail &amp; Fault Pinpointing:<\/strong><\/span><\/div><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><em><span class=\"only-show-to-message-actions\" data-test-id=\"sequence-export-header\">Instant Diagnostic Report.<\/span><\/em><\/div><div class=\"sequence-event-description gds-body-l\"><p class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If a net fails\u2014for instance, if pin 42 shows an open circuit\u2014the software instantly flags the exact component location (e.g., &#8220;R15 value out of tolerance: Expected 1k\u03a9, Measured 0\u03a9 &#8211; Short&#8221;). The board is routed directly to a rework technician for quick repair.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5455cd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b5455cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c399f7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c399f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3fe3a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3fe3a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Defects Does an ICT Catch?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38108ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38108ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8adf9d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8adf9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e13beb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e13beb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"XRQGd3IRJoLgTMxji6mcOJjIngd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NfpGfPFHfdP3d9cVs6tc0qoEnwg\"><div data-page-id=\"NSdodkSrZox8aZxlOCWc3f2lnTd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcncPJoOGbtuZfEsL7DOeUn0g\">Because ICT directly measures electrical properties rather than just visual appearances, it catches a wide spectrum of physical and component-level faults:<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23a0d69 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"23a0d69\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9504ea4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9504ea4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3abc60e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3abc60e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"XRQGd3IRJoLgTMxji6mcOJjIngd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NfpGfPFHfdP3d9cVs6tc0qoEnwg\"><div data-page-id=\"NSdodkSrZox8aZxlOCWc3f2lnTd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h3 class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcncPJoOGbtuZfEsL7DOeUn0g\">Component-Level Faults:<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8474645 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8474645\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20cb5c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20cb5c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec07a96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec07a96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"XRQGd3IRJoLgTMxji6mcOJjIngd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NfpGfPFHfdP3d9cVs6tc0qoEnwg\"><div data-page-id=\"NSdodkSrZox8aZxlOCWc3f2lnTd\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ul><li><p data-path-to-node=\"19,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"19,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Incorrect Component Values:<\/b> A 1k\u03a9 resistor placed where a 10k\u03a9 resistor belonged.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"19,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"19,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Out-of-Tolerance Components:<\/b> Passive components that drifted beyond their specified percentage tolerance.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"19,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"19,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Damaged \/ Dead Components:<\/b> ICs or diodes that were killed by ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) or thermal stress during reflow.<\/p><\/li><li><b data-path-to-node=\"19,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Reversed Polarity:<\/b> Diodes, tantalum capacitors, or ICs installed backwards that still pass optical checks.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da46c2f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"da46c2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3522553 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3522553\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0da770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d0da770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Process &amp; Assembly Faults:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-575ce7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"575ce7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcec8db e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fcec8db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b857d32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b857d32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><p data-path-to-node=\"21,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"21,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Solder Bridges \/ Shorts:<\/b> Accidental solder connections shorting two adjacent traces or power to ground.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"21,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"21,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Open Circuits (Cold Joints):<\/b> Unsoldered leads or cracked solder joints that fail to make electrical contact.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"21,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"21,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Missing Components:<\/b> SMT components that blew off or were skipped by the pick-and-place machine.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb660b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfb660b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0121b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0121b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ac3d64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ac3d64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traditional ICT vs. Flying Probe Testing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f298f58 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f298f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc3dfe8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc3dfe8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efde8a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"efde8a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Building a custom &#8220;bed of nails&#8221; fixture requires CNC machining and manual wiring, which can cost anywhere from <b data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"112\">$3,000 to $20,000+ per fixture<\/b>. For small production runs or prototypes, this upfront NRE (Non-Recurring Engineering) cost isn&#8217;t practical.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03ab95d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"03ab95d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a21c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58a21c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ef5cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47ef5cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>That is where <b data-path-to-node=\"25\" data-index-in-node=\"14\">Flying Probe Testing<\/b> comes in as an alternative.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f753a8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f753a8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ee241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"47ee241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-102\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"5\"\n           data-wpID=\"102\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"1\">\n\n                    <thead>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <th class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bold\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Feature                    <\/th>\n                                                <th class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bold\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Traditional ICT (Bed of Nails)                    <\/th>\n                                                <th class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bold\"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Flying Probe Testing                    <\/th>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanics                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Fixed bed of hundreds\/thousands of stationary pogo pins.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4 to 8 robotic probes that fly around the board at high speed.                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Test Speed                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Ultra-Fast: Tests a complex board in 10\u201330 seconds.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Slower: Takes 5\u201315+ minutes per board.                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Fixture Cost                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        High upfront cost ($3,000\u2013$20,000+).                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        $0 Fixture Cost: Purely software-driven via CAD data.                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Best For                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        High-volume, mass production (thousands of units).                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Low-volume prototypes, quick-turn R&D, frequent design changes.                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-102'>\n<\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a0e411 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a0e411\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c9c06a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c9c06a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3bd641 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3bd641\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pros and Cons of In-Circuit Testing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dd6a0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0dd6a0e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-007d097 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"007d097\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e80550 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e80550\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Advantages:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a154da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a154da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aacdb7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0aacdb7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04efffa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04efffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><p data-path-to-node=\"30,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"30,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Unmatched Speed:<\/b> Takes less than a minute to thoroughly test a board with thousands of components.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"30,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"30,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Precise Diagnostics:<\/b> Doesn&#8217;t just say &#8220;the board doesn&#8217;t turn on&#8221;\u2014it tells the repair technician <i data-path-to-node=\"30,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"97\">exactly<\/i> which resistor or pin failed.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"30,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"30,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">High Defect Coverage:<\/b> Catches up to 95%+ of assembly and component-level manufacturing defects.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"30,3,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"30,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Firmware Programming:<\/b> Modern ICT fixtures can also flash basic bootloaders or microcode onto onboard flash memory during the test cycle.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42bfb87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42bfb87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04b8a97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"04b8a97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a98a3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a98a3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Disadvantages:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca187a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca187a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9664c56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9664c56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b9393e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b9393e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><p data-path-to-node=\"32,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"32,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">High Initial Cost:<\/b> Expensive fixtures and dedicated test machines (like Teradyne or Keysight platforms).<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"32,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"32,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Design Constraints (DFTa \/ DFM):<\/b> Designers must explicitly add physical test pads (typically 0.7mm to 1.0mm in diameter) to almost every net, which uses up precious PCB layout space.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"32,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"32,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Design Inflexibility:<\/b> If you change the PCB layout or move a component in a revision, you may have to scrap the old fixture and pay for a new one.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c715c75 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c715c75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae13e9d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ae13e9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73b5e01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73b5e01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Summary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-426a5e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"426a5e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdbb438 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bdbb438\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acd4022 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"acd4022\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>An <b data-path-to-node=\"35\" data-index-in-node=\"3\">In-Circuit Test (ICT)<\/b> is the ultimate quality firewall for high-volume electronics manufacturing. By using a bed-of-nails fixture to contact individual test pads, ICT isolates every component and net to catch assembly errors before boards undergo final functional testing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2beb425 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2beb425\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ba64db e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ba64db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fac6be9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fac6be9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If you are scaling up to mass production (typically 5,000+ units per run), investing in an ICT fixture will pay for itself rapidly by preventing costly field returns and streamlining factory floor repairs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ad48f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93ad48f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-989f3d4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"989f3d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86d9862 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"86d9862\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FAQ<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec6b731 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec6b731\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb96141 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bb96141\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3713a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3713a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Can ICT replace Functional Testing (FCT)?<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a59946 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a59946\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1023781 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1023781\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c280342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c280342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No. ICT verifies that the components are correct and soldered down properly, but it does not run the board under full operating conditions (e.g., executing high-speed communication protocols or running full system firmware). High-reliability industries (like automotive or medical) use ICT <i data-path-to-node=\"40\" data-index-in-node=\"290\">and<\/i> FCT sequentially.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fc0e1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1fc0e1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c442b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c442b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f363095 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f363095\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>What is a &#8220;Test Pad&#8221; in ICT layout design?<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed06f29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ed06f29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e99582e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e99582e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6483850 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6483850\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A test pad is a small, dedicated exposed copper circle on the PCB specifically designed for a pogo pin to strike. Guidelines generally recommend a minimum diameter of 0.7mm to 1.0mm, spaced at least 1.27mm apart, to ensure reliable physical contact without damaging adjacent traces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a6d31c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a6d31c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5df0ea1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5df0ea1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dd8942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7dd8942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What happens if a board design changes slightly after building an ICT fixture?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eef7b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4eef7b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09a0c9d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"09a0c9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa97363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa97363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If the board revision only changes component values (e.g., swapping a 10k resistor for a 4.7k resistor), you only need to update the ICT software script. However, if component positions or trace routes move\u2014changing the X\/Y location of test pads\u2014the physical fixture must be re-drilled or completely remade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a446a0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a446a0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b63dd91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b63dd91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f592480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f592480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About US<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5dd9e1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b5dd9e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d2aab8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6d2aab8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a5de8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a5de8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AX0efyGQXdVFtFcRvpnc2pLmnoB\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BT5kfhWgHdywXVcMVz8cJIr1nGg\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JXNMf5m9YdhPnjcHWBAcgeVpnjh\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OgeMfov1VdTuRUc4j6dcRUSQneK\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R486f5CMedBo2ccaZjmcgnYhnmd\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-D4BBf2GkVdFkOGc0IepczSGdnPh\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XCa0fHu0hdDCRHcHLbscFioInkf\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YjdxflKVKdtelZcDWYEcazNDnbc\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoKEfKI4EdzEuPcCo3JcUGJMnac\"><div data-page-id=\"On0jfNld3d6I7ecMLyzcfgHXnYb\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\">Founded in 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/about-us\/\"><strong>JKRGLO<\/strong><\/a> strives to build a one-stop platform for the electronic industry chain. By integrating PCB manufacturing, component procurement and PCB assembly services, we enable digital PCBA processing. With increasing investment in innovation and digital systems, we have achieved rapid growth and emerged as a leading PCB and PCBA manufacturer in the industry, capable of rapidly producing high-reliability and cost-effective products.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HKXTfaw8Sd5zbxcNUYIc3xO7ndd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jkrglo.com\/about-us\/\"><strong>About US<\/strong><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e9ae48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47e9ae48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:93,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40c24d4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"40c24d4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23b92067 elementor-toc--content-ellipsis elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"23b92067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;\\u5728\\u6b64\\u9875\\u9762\\u4e0a\\u627e\\u4e0d\\u5230\\u6807\\u9898\\u3002&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;collapse_subitems&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:205,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; 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